List of Tables
Table 1. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Table 2. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Table 3. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production Capacity (K Units) by Manufacturers in 2023
Table 4. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production by Manufacturers (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 5. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 6. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production Value by Manufacturers (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 8. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Industry Ranking 2022 VS 2023 VS 2024
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder as of 2023)
Table 10. Global Market Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/Unit) & (2019-2024)
Table 11. Manufacturers Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production Sites and Area Served
Table 12. Manufacturers Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Product Types
Table 13. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 14. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
Table 15. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production Value by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 16. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 17. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production Value Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 18. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 19. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 20. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production Comparison by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 21. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production (K Units) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 22. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 23. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production (K Units) Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 24. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 25. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 26. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2025-2030)
Table 27. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 28. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Consumption by Region (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 29. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Consumption Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 30. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Forecasted Consumption by Region (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 31. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 32. North America Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 33. North America Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 34. North America Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 35. Europe Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 36. Europe Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 37. Europe Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 38. Asia Pacific Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 39. Asia Pacific Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Consumption by Region (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Consumption by Region (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 41. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 44. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production (K Units) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 45. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production (K Units) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 46. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production Market Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 47. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production Market Share by Type (2025-2030)
Table 48. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 49. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 50. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production Value Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 51. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production Value Share by Type (2025-2030)
Table 52. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 53. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 54. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production (K Units) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 55. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production (K Units) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 56. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production Market Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 57. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production Market Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 58. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 59. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 60. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production Value Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 61. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production Value Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 62. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 63. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 64. Parker Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Corporation Information
Table 65. Parker Specification and Application
Table 66. Parker Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 67. Parker Main Business and Markets Served
Table 68. Parker Recent Developments/Updates
Table 69. Rexroth Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Corporation Information
Table 70. Rexroth Specification and Application
Table 71. Rexroth Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 72. Rexroth Main Business and Markets Served
Table 73. Rexroth Recent Developments/Updates
Table 74. Danfoss Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Corporation Information
Table 75. Danfoss Specification and Application
Table 76. Danfoss Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 77. Danfoss Main Business and Markets Served
Table 78. Danfoss Recent Developments/Updates
Table 79. HengLi hydraulic Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Corporation Information
Table 80. HengLi hydraulic Specification and Application
Table 81. HengLi hydraulic Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 82. HengLi hydraulic Main Business and Markets Served
Table 83. HengLi hydraulic Recent Developments/Updates
Table 84. KYB Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Corporation Information
Table 85. KYB Specification and Application
Table 86. KYB Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 87. KYB Main Business and Markets Served
Table 88. KYB Recent Developments/Updates
Table 89. Atos Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Corporation Information
Table 90. Atos Specification and Application
Table 91. Atos Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 92. Atos Main Business and Markets Served
Table 93. Atos Recent Developments/Updates
Table 94. SMC Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Corporation Information
Table 95. SMC Specification and Application
Table 96. SMC Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 97. SMC Main Business and Markets Served
Table 98. SMC Recent Developments/Updates
Table 99. ENERPAC Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Corporation Information
Table 100. ENERPAC Specification and Application
Table 101. ENERPAC Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 102. ENERPAC Main Business and Markets Served
Table 103. ENERPAC Recent Developments/Updates
Table 104. Sheffer Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Corporation Information
Table 105. Sheffer Specification and Application
Table 106. Sheffer Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 107. Sheffer Main Business and Markets Served
Table 108. Sheffer Recent Developments/Updates
Table 109. ROEMHELD Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Corporation Information
Table 110. ROEMHELD Specification and Application
Table 111. ROEMHELD Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 112. ROEMHELD Main Business and Markets Served
Table 113. ROEMHELD Recent Developments/Updates
Table 114. Pacoma Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Corporation Information
Table 115. Pacoma Specification and Application
Table 116. Pacoma Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 117. Pacoma Main Business and Markets Served
Table 118. Pacoma Recent Developments/Updates
Table 119. Caterpillar Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Corporation Information
Table 120. Caterpillar Specification and Application
Table 121. Caterpillar Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 122. Caterpillar Main Business and Markets Served
Table 123. Caterpillar Recent Developments/Updates
Table 124. Komatsu Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Corporation Information
Table 125. Komatsu Specification and Application
Table 126. Komatsu Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 127. Komatsu Main Business and Markets Served
Table 128. Komatsu Recent Developments/Updates
Table 129. SANY Group Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Corporation Information
Table 130. SANY Group Specification and Application
Table 131. SANY Group Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 132. SANY Group Main Business and Markets Served
Table 133. SANY Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 134. SANY Group Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Corporation Information
Table 135. XCMG Group Specification and Application
Table 136. XCMG Group Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 137. XCMG Group Main Business and Markets Served
Table 138. XCMG Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 139. Ligon Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Corporation Information
Table 140. Ligon Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 141. Ligon Main Business and Markets Served
Table 142. Ligon Recent Developments/Updates
Table 143. Liebherr Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Corporation Information
Table 144. Liebherr Specification and Application
Table 145. Liebherr Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 146. Liebherr Main Business and Markets Served
Table 147. Liebherr Recent Developments/Updates
Table 148. Wuxi changjiang hydraulic cylinder Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Corporation Information
Table 149. Wuxi changjiang hydraulic cylinder Specification and Application
Table 150. Wuxi changjiang hydraulic cylinder Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 151. Wuxi changjiang hydraulic cylinder Main Business and Markets Served
Table 152. Wuxi changjiang hydraulic cylinder Recent Developments/Updates
Table 153. HYDAC Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Corporation Information
Table 154. HYDAC Specification and Application
Table 155. HYDAC Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 156. HYDAC Main Business and Markets Served
Table 157. HYDAC Recent Developments/Updates
Table 158. Hefei Changyuan Hydraulic Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Corporation Information
Table 159. Hefei Changyuan Hydraulic Specification and Application
Table 160. Hefei Changyuan Hydraulic Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 161. Hefei Changyuan Hydraulic Main Business and Markets Served
Table 162. Hefei Changyuan Hydraulic Recent Developments/Updates
Table 163. TELI Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Corporation Information
Table 164. TELI Specification and Application
Table 165. TELI Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 166. TELI Main Business and Markets Served
Table 167. TELI Recent Developments/Updates
Table 168. Shaoyang Victor Hydraulics Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Corporation Information
Table 169. Shaoyang Victor Hydraulics Specification and Application
Table 170. Shaoyang Victor Hydraulics Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 171. Shaoyang Victor Hydraulics Main Business and Markets Served
Table 172. Shaoyang Victor Hydraulics Recent Developments/Updates
Table 173. TZCO Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Corporation Information
Table 174. TZCO Specification and Application
Table 175. TZCO Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 176. TZCO Main Business and Markets Served
Table 177. TZCO Recent Developments/Updates
Table 178. Shandong Wantong Hydraulic Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Corporation Information
Table 179. Shandong Wantong Hydraulic Specification and Application
Table 180. Shandong Wantong Hydraulic Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 181. Shandong Wantong Hydraulic Main Business and Markets Served
Table 182. Shandong Wantong Hydraulic Recent Developments/Updates
Table 183. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 184. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 185. Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Distributors List
Table 186. Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Customers List
Table 187. Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Market Trends
Table 188. Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Market Drivers
Table 189. Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Market Challenges
Table 190. Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Market Restraints
Table 191. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 192. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 193. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder
Figure 2. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Figure 3. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Market Share by Type: 2023 VS 2030
Figure 4. Low Pressure Cylinder Product Picture
Figure 5. Medium Pressure Cylinder Product Picture
Figure 6. High Pressure Cylinder Product Picture
Figure 7. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Figure 8. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Market Share by Application: 2023 VS 2030
Figure 9. Engineering Machinery
Figure 10. Aerospace
Figure 11. Metallurgical Machinery
Figure 12. Engineering Vehicle
Figure 13. Others
Figure 14. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production Value (US$ Million), 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 15. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production Value (US$ Million) & (2019-2030)
Figure 16. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production (K Units) & (2019-2030)
Figure 17. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Average Price (US$/Unit) & (2019-2030)
Figure 18. Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Report Years Considered
Figure 19. Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production Share by Manufacturers in 2023
Figure 20. Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2019 VS 2023
Figure 21. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Revenue in 2023
Figure 22. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production Value by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 23. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production Value Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 24. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production Comparison by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Figure 25. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 26. North America Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 27. Europe Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 28. China Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 29. Japan Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 30. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Consumption by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Figure 31. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Consumption Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 32. North America Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 33. North America Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 34. Canada Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 35. U.S. Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 36. Europe Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 37. Europe Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 38. Germany Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 39. France Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 40. U.K. Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 41. Italy Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 42. Russia Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 43. Asia Pacific Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 44. Asia Pacific Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Consumption Market Share by Regions (2019-2030)
Figure 45. China Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 46. Japan Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 47. South Korea Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 48. China Taiwan Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 49. Southeast Asia Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 50. India Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 51. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 52. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 53. Mexico Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 54. Brazil Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 55. Turkey Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 56. GCC Countries Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 57. Global Production Market Share of Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 58. Global Production Value Market Share of Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 59. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 60. Global Production Market Share of Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 61. Global Production Value Market Share of Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 62. Global Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 63. Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Value Chain
Figure 64. Hydraulic Fluid Power Cylinder Production Process
Figure 65. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 66. Distributors Profiles
Figure 67. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 68. Data Triangulation
