List of Tables
Table 1. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 2. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 3. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production Capacity (Tons) by Manufacturers in 2024
Table 4. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 5. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 6. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production Value by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 8. Global Key Players of Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves, Industry Ranking, 2023 VS 2024
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Production Value in Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves as of 2024)
Table 10. Global Market Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/Ton) & (2020-2025)
Table 11. Global Key Manufacturers of Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves, Product Offered and Application
Table 13. Global Key Manufacturers of Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves, Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 14. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 15. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 16. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 17. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 18. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production Value Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 19. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 20. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 21. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 22. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production (Tons) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 23. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 24. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production (Tons) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 25. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 26. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Market Average Price (US$/Ton) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 27. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Market Average Price (US$/Ton) by Region (2026-2031)
Table 28. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 29. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 30. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 31. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Forecasted Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 32. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2026-2031)
Table 33. North America Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 34. North America Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 35. North America Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 36. Europe Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 37. Europe Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 38. Europe Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 39. Asia Pacific Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 41. Asia Pacific Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 44. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 45. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production (Tons) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 46. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production (Tons) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 47. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 48. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 49. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 50. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 51. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production Value Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 52. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production Value Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 53. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 54. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 55. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production (Tons) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 56. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production (Tons) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 57. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 58. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 59. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 60. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 61. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production Value Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 62. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production Value Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 63. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 64. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 65. Favier Group Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Company Information
Table 66. Favier Group Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Specification and Application
Table 67. Favier Group Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 68. Favier Group Main Business and Markets Served
Table 69. Favier Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 70. Safeplast Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Company Information
Table 71. Safeplast Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Specification and Application
Table 72. Safeplast Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 73. Safeplast Main Business and Markets Served
Table 74. Safeplast Recent Developments/Updates
Table 75. Anamet Europe Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Company Information
Table 76. Anamet Europe Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Specification and Application
Table 77. Anamet Europe Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 78. Anamet Europe Main Business and Markets Served
Table 79. Anamet Europe Recent Developments/Updates
Table 80. Anhui Parker New Material Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Company Information
Table 81. Anhui Parker New Material Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Specification and Application
Table 82. Anhui Parker New Material Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 83. Anhui Parker New Material Main Business and Markets Served
Table 84. Anhui Parker New Material Recent Developments/Updates
Table 85. Toyonaka Hot Laboratory Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Company Information
Table 86. Toyonaka Hot Laboratory Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Specification and Application
Table 87. Toyonaka Hot Laboratory Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 88. Toyonaka Hot Laboratory Main Business and Markets Served
Table 89. Toyonaka Hot Laboratory Recent Developments/Updates
Table 90. FRANKISCHE Industrial Pipes Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Company Information
Table 91. FRANKISCHE Industrial Pipes Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Specification and Application
Table 92. FRANKISCHE Industrial Pipes Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 93. FRANKISCHE Industrial Pipes Main Business and Markets Served
Table 94. FRANKISCHE Industrial Pipes Recent Developments/Updates
Table 95. Ningguo BST Thermal Products Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Company Information
Table 96. Ningguo BST Thermal Products Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Specification and Application
Table 97. Ningguo BST Thermal Products Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 98. Ningguo BST Thermal Products Main Business and Markets Served
Table 99. Ningguo BST Thermal Products Recent Developments/Updates
Table 100. Ningguo Xinmao Fiberglass Products Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Company Information
Table 101. Ningguo Xinmao Fiberglass Products Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Specification and Application
Table 102. Ningguo Xinmao Fiberglass Products Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 103. Ningguo Xinmao Fiberglass Products Main Business and Markets Served
Table 104. Ningguo Xinmao Fiberglass Products Recent Developments/Updates
Table 105. Texpack Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Company Information
Table 106. Texpack Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Specification and Application
Table 107. Texpack Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 108. Texpack Main Business and Markets Served
Table 109. Texpack Recent Developments/Updates
Table 110. BACONI srl Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Company Information
Table 111. BACONI srl Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Specification and Application
Table 112. BACONI srl Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 113. BACONI srl Main Business and Markets Served
Table 114. BACONI srl Recent Developments/Updates
Table 115. Textile Technologies Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Company Information
Table 116. Textile Technologies Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Specification and Application
Table 117. Textile Technologies Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 118. Textile Technologies Main Business and Markets Served
Table 119. Textile Technologies Recent Developments/Updates
Table 120. Moltec Internationa Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Company Information
Table 121. Moltec Internationa Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Specification and Application
Table 122. Moltec Internationa Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 123. Moltec Internationa Main Business and Markets Served
Table 124. Moltec Internationa Recent Developments/Updates
Table 125. Fibremax Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Company Information
Table 126. Fibremax Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Specification and Application
Table 127. Fibremax Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 128. Fibremax Main Business and Markets Served
Table 129. Fibremax Recent Developments/Updates
Table 130. Wallean Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Company Information
Table 131. Wallean Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Specification and Application
Table 132. Wallean Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 133. Wallean Main Business and Markets Served
Table 134. Wallean Recent Developments/Updates
Table 135. Advanced Engineering Materials Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Company Information
Table 136. Advanced Engineering Materials Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Specification and Application
Table 137. Advanced Engineering Materials Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 138. Advanced Engineering Materials Main Business and Markets Served
Table 139. Advanced Engineering Materials Recent Developments/Updates
Table 140. Hantai Firesleeve Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Company Information
Table 141. Hantai Firesleeve Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Specification and Application
Table 142. Hantai Firesleeve Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 143. Hantai Firesleeve Main Business and Markets Served
Table 144. Hantai Firesleeve Recent Developments/Updates
Table 145. Beijing Great Pack Materials Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Company Information
Table 146. Beijing Great Pack Materials Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Specification and Application
Table 147. Beijing Great Pack Materials Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 148. Beijing Great Pack Materials Main Business and Markets Served
Table 149. Beijing Great Pack Materials Recent Developments/Updates
Table 150. Gremtek Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Company Information
Table 151. Gremtek Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Specification and Application
Table 152. Gremtek Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 153. Gremtek Main Business and Markets Served
Table 154. Gremtek Recent Developments/Updates
Table 155. Final Advanced Materials Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Company Information
Table 156. Final Advanced Materials Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Specification and Application
Table 157. Final Advanced Materials Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 158. Final Advanced Materials Main Business and Markets Served
Table 159. Final Advanced Materials Recent Developments/Updates
Table 160. Murugappa Morgan Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Company Information
Table 161. Murugappa Morgan Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Specification and Application
Table 162. Murugappa Morgan Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 163. Murugappa Morgan Main Business and Markets Served
Table 164. Murugappa Morgan Recent Developments/Updates
Table 165. Kyocera Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Company Information
Table 166. Kyocera Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Specification and Application
Table 167. Kyocera Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 168. Kyocera Main Business and Markets Served
Table 169. Kyocera Recent Developments/Updates
Table 170. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 171. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 172. Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Distributors List
Table 173. Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Customers List
Table 174. Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Market Trends
Table 175. Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Market Drivers
Table 176. Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Market Challenges
Table 177. Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Market Restraints
Table 178. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 179. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 180. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 181. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves
Figure 2. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 3. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Market Share by Type: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 4. Basalt Fiber Sleeve Product Picture
Figure 5. Fiberglass Sleeve Product Picture
Figure 6. Ceramic Fiber Sleeve Product Picture
Figure 7. Others Product Picture
Figure 8. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 9. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Market Share by Application: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 10. Metallurgy
Figure 11. Chemical
Figure 12. Automotive
Figure 13. Household Electrical Appliances
Figure 14. Others
Figure 15. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production Value (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 16. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production Value (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 17. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production Capacity (Tons) & (2020-2031)
Figure 18. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production (Tons) & (2020-2031)
Figure 19. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Average Price (US$/Ton) & (2020-2031)
Figure 20. Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Report Years Considered
Figure 21. Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production Share by Manufacturers in 2024
Figure 22. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2024)
Figure 23. Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2020 VS 2024
Figure 24. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Revenue in 2024
Figure 25. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 26. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production Value Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 27. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Figure 28. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 29. North America Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 30. Europe Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 31. China Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 32. Japan Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 33. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Consumption by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Figure 34. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Consumption Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 35. North America Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 36. North America Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 37. U.S. Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 38. Canada Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 39. Europe Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 40. Europe Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 41. Germany Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 42. France Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 43. U.K. Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 44. Italy Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 45. Russia Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 46. Asia Pacific Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 47. Asia Pacific Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 48. China Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 49. Japan Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 50. South Korea Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 51. China Taiwan Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 52. Southeast Asia Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 53. India Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 54. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 55. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 56. Mexico Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 57. Brazil Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 58. Turkey Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 59. GCC Countries Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 60. Global Production Market Share of Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 61. Global Production Value Market Share of Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 62. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 63. Global Production Market Share of Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 64. Global Production Value Market Share of Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 65. Global Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 66. Heat Resistant Insulation Sleeves Value Chain
Figure 67. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 68. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 69. Data Triangulation
