List of Tables
Table 1. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 2. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 3. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production Capacity (K Units) by Manufacturers in 2024
Table 4. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 5. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 6. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production Value by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 8. Global Key Players of Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment, Industry Ranking, 2023 VS 2024
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Production Value in Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment as of 2024)
Table 10. Global Market Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/Unit) & (2020-2025)
Table 11. Global Key Manufacturers of Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment, Product Offered and Application
Table 13. Global Key Manufacturers of Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment, Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 14. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 15. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 16. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 17. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 18. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production Value Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 19. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 20. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 21. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 22. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production (K Units) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 23. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 24. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production (K Units) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 25. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 26. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 27. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2026-2031)
Table 28. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 29. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 30. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 31. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Forecasted Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 32. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2026-2031)
Table 33. North America Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 34. North America Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 35. North America Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 36. Europe Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 37. Europe Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 38. Europe Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 39. Asia Pacific Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 41. Asia Pacific Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 44. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 45. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production (K Units) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 46. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production (K Units) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 47. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 48. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 49. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 50. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 51. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production Value Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 52. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production Value Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 53. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 54. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 55. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production (K Units) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 56. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production (K Units) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 57. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 58. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 59. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 60. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 61. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production Value Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 62. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production Value Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 63. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 64. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 65. Matsui Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Company Information
Table 66. Matsui Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Specification and Application
Table 67. Matsui Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 68. Matsui Main Business and Markets Served
Table 69. Matsui Recent Developments/Updates
Table 70. KAWATA Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Company Information
Table 71. KAWATA Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Specification and Application
Table 72. KAWATA Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 73. KAWATA Main Business and Markets Served
Table 74. KAWATA Recent Developments/Updates
Table 75. Motan Group Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Company Information
Table 76. Motan Group Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Specification and Application
Table 77. Motan Group Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 78. Motan Group Main Business and Markets Served
Table 79. Motan Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 80. Wittmann Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Company Information
Table 81. Wittmann Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Specification and Application
Table 82. Wittmann Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 83. Wittmann Main Business and Markets Served
Table 84. Wittmann Recent Developments/Updates
Table 85. Piovan Group Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Company Information
Table 86. Piovan Group Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Specification and Application
Table 87. Piovan Group Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 88. Piovan Group Main Business and Markets Served
Table 89. Piovan Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 90. Shini Plastics Technologies Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Company Information
Table 91. Shini Plastics Technologies Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Specification and Application
Table 92. Shini Plastics Technologies Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 93. Shini Plastics Technologies Main Business and Markets Served
Table 94. Shini Plastics Technologies Recent Developments/Updates
Table 95. Guangdong Topstar Technology Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Company Information
Table 96. Guangdong Topstar Technology Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Specification and Application
Table 97. Guangdong Topstar Technology Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 98. Guangdong Topstar Technology Main Business and Markets Served
Table 99. Guangdong Topstar Technology Recent Developments/Updates
Table 100. Novatec Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Company Information
Table 101. Novatec Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Specification and Application
Table 102. Novatec Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 103. Novatec Main Business and Markets Served
Table 104. Novatec Recent Developments/Updates
Table 105. Ningbo HUARE Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Company Information
Table 106. Ningbo HUARE Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Specification and Application
Table 107. Ningbo HUARE Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 108. Ningbo HUARE Main Business and Markets Served
Table 109. Ningbo HUARE Recent Developments/Updates
Table 110. AEC Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Company Information
Table 111. AEC Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Specification and Application
Table 112. AEC Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 113. AEC Main Business and Markets Served
Table 114. AEC Recent Developments/Updates
Table 115. Wensui Intelligent Equipment Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Company Information
Table 116. Wensui Intelligent Equipment Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Specification and Application
Table 117. Wensui Intelligent Equipment Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 118. Wensui Intelligent Equipment Main Business and Markets Served
Table 119. Wensui Intelligent Equipment Recent Developments/Updates
Table 120. Ningbo Smanl Electrical Appliance Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Company Information
Table 121. Ningbo Smanl Electrical Appliance Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Specification and Application
Table 122. Ningbo Smanl Electrical Appliance Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 123. Ningbo Smanl Electrical Appliance Main Business and Markets Served
Table 124. Ningbo Smanl Electrical Appliance Recent Developments/Updates
Table 125. Dongguan Naser Machinery Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Company Information
Table 126. Dongguan Naser Machinery Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Specification and Application
Table 127. Dongguan Naser Machinery Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 128. Dongguan Naser Machinery Main Business and Markets Served
Table 129. Dongguan Naser Machinery Recent Developments/Updates
Table 130. Harmo Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Company Information
Table 131. Harmo Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Specification and Application
Table 132. Harmo Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 133. Harmo Main Business and Markets Served
Table 134. Harmo Recent Developments/Updates
Table 135. Bry-Air Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Company Information
Table 136. Bry-Air Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Specification and Application
Table 137. Bry-Air Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 138. Bry-Air Main Business and Markets Served
Table 139. Bry-Air Recent Developments/Updates
Table 140. Ningbo Beilun Rhong Machinery Manufacturing Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Company Information
Table 141. Ningbo Beilun Rhong Machinery Manufacturing Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Specification and Application
Table 142. Ningbo Beilun Rhong Machinery Manufacturing Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 143. Ningbo Beilun Rhong Machinery Manufacturing Main Business and Markets Served
Table 144. Ningbo Beilun Rhong Machinery Manufacturing Recent Developments/Updates
Table 145. Zhongshan Xintai Machinery Equipment Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Company Information
Table 146. Zhongshan Xintai Machinery Equipment Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Specification and Application
Table 147. Zhongshan Xintai Machinery Equipment Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 148. Zhongshan Xintai Machinery Equipment Main Business and Markets Served
Table 149. Zhongshan Xintai Machinery Equipment Recent Developments/Updates
Table 150. Yann Bang Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Company Information
Table 151. Yann Bang Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Specification and Application
Table 152. Yann Bang Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 153. Yann Bang Main Business and Markets Served
Table 154. Yann Bang Recent Developments/Updates
Table 155. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 156. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 157. Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Distributors List
Table 158. Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Customers List
Table 159. Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Market Trends
Table 160. Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Market Drivers
Table 161. Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Market Challenges
Table 162. Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Market Restraints
Table 163. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 164. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 165. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 166. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment
Figure 2. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 3. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Market Share by Type: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 4. Dehumidification and Drying Equipment Product Picture
Figure 5. Material Handling Equipment Product Picture
Figure 6. Mold Temperature Machine Product Picture
Figure 7. Others Product Picture
Figure 8. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 9. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Market Share by Application: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 10. Replace
Figure 11. Original
Figure 12. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production Value (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 13. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production Value (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 14. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production Capacity (K Units) & (2020-2031)
Figure 15. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production (K Units) & (2020-2031)
Figure 16. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Average Price (US$/Unit) & (2020-2031)
Figure 17. Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Report Years Considered
Figure 18. Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production Share by Manufacturers in 2024
Figure 19. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2024)
Figure 20. Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2020 VS 2024
Figure 21. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Revenue in 2024
Figure 22. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 23. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production Value Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 24. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Figure 25. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 26. North America Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 27. Europe Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 28. China Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 29. Japan Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 30. India Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 31. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Consumption by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Figure 32. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Consumption Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 33. North America Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 34. North America Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 35. U.S. Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 36. Canada Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 37. Europe Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 38. Europe Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 39. Germany Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 40. France Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 41. U.K. Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 42. Italy Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 43. Netherlands Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 44. Asia Pacific Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 45. Asia Pacific Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 46. China Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 47. Japan Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 48. South Korea Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 49. China Taiwan Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 50. Southeast Asia Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 51. India Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 52. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 53. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 54. Mexico Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 55. Brazil Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 56. Turkey Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 57. GCC Countries Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 58. Global Production Market Share of Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 59. Global Production Value Market Share of Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 60. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 61. Global Production Market Share of Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 62. Global Production Value Market Share of Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 63. Global Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 64. Injection Molding Machine Auxiliary Equipment Value Chain
Figure 65. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 66. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 67. Data Triangulation
