List of Tables
Table 1. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Market Value by Type (US$ Million), 2025 vs 2032
Table 2. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Market Value by Body Configuration (US$ Million), 2025 vs 2032
Table 3. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Market Value by Application (US$ Million), 2025 vs 2032
Table 4. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Production Capacity (K Units) by Manufacturers in 2025
Table 5. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Production by Manufacturers (K Units), 2021–2026
Table 6. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2021–2026)
Table 7. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Production Value by Manufacturers (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 8. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2021–2026)
Table 9. Global Key Players of Low Pressure Needle Valve, Industry Ranking, 2024 vs 2025
Table 10. Classification of Companies by Tier (Tier 1, Tier 2, Tier 3), based on Low Pressure Needle Valve Production Value, 2025
Table 11. Global Market Low Pressure Needle Valve Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/Unit), 2021–2026
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of Low Pressure Needle Valve, Manufacturing Footprints and Headquarters
Table 13. Global Key Manufacturers of Low Pressure Needle Valve, Product Offerings and Applications
Table 14. Global Key Manufacturers of Low Pressure Needle Valve, Date of Entry into the Industry
Table 15. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 16. Mergers & Acquisitions and Expansion Plans
Table 17. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Production Value by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (US$ Million)
Table 18. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2021–2026)
Table 19. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Production Value Market Share by Region (2021–2026)
Table 20. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2027–2032)
Table 21. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2027–2032)
Table 22. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Production Comparison by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (K Units)
Table 23. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Production (K Units) by Region (2021–2026)
Table 24. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Production Market Share by Region (2021–2026)
Table 25. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Production (K Units) Forecast by Region (2027–2032)
Table 26. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2027–2032)
Table 27. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2021–2026)
Table 28. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2027–2032)
Table 29. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (K Units)
Table 30. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Consumption by Region (K Units), 2021–2026
Table 31. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Consumption Market Share by Region (2021–2026)
Table 32. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Forecasted Consumption by Region (K Units), 2027–2032
Table 33. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2027–2032)
Table 34. North America Low Pressure Needle Valve Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (K Units)
Table 35. North America Low Pressure Needle Valve Consumption by Country (K Units), 2021–2026
Table 36. North America Low Pressure Needle Valve Consumption by Country (K Units), 2027–2032
Table 37. Europe Low Pressure Needle Valve Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (K Units)
Table 38. Europe Low Pressure Needle Valve Consumption by Country (K Units), 2021–2026
Table 39. Europe Low Pressure Needle Valve Consumption by Country (K Units), 2027–2032
Table 40. Asia Pacific Low Pressure Needle Valve Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (K Units)
Table 41. Asia Pacific Low Pressure Needle Valve Consumption by Region (K Units), 2021–2026
Table 42. Asia Pacific Low Pressure Needle Valve Consumption by Region (K Units), 2027–2032
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Low Pressure Needle Valve Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (K Units)
Table 44. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Low Pressure Needle Valve Consumption by Country (K Units), 2021–2026
Table 45. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Low Pressure Needle Valve Consumption by Country (K Units), 2027–2032
Table 46. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Production (K Units) by Type (2021–2026)
Table 47. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Production (K Units) by Type (2027–2032)
Table 48. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Production Market Share by Type (2021–2026)
Table 49. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Production Market Share by Type (2027–2032)
Table 50. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2021–2026)
Table 51. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2027–2032)
Table 52. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Production Value Market Share by Type (2021–2026)
Table 53. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Production Value Market Share by Type (2027–2032)
Table 54. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2021–2026)
Table 55. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2027–2032)
Table 56. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Production (K Units) by Application (2021–2026)
Table 57. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Production (K Units) by Application (2027–2032)
Table 58. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Production Market Share by Application (2021–2026)
Table 59. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Production Market Share by Application (2027–2032)
Table 60. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2021–2026)
Table 61. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2027–2032)
Table 62. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Production Value Market Share by Application (2021–2026)
Table 63. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Production Value Market Share by Application (2027–2032)
Table 64. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2021–2026)
Table 65. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2027–2032)
Table 66. Swagelok Low Pressure Needle Valve Company Information
Table 67. Swagelok Low Pressure Needle Valve Specification and Application
Table 68. Swagelok Low Pressure Needle Valve Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 69. Swagelok Main Business and Markets Served
Table 70. Swagelok Recent Developments/Updates
Table 71. Brooks Instrument Low Pressure Needle Valve Company Information
Table 72. Brooks Instrument Low Pressure Needle Valve Specification and Application
Table 73. Brooks Instrument Low Pressure Needle Valve Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 74. Brooks Instrument Main Business and Markets Served
Table 75. Brooks Instrument Recent Developments/Updates
Table 76. Bronkhorst High-Tech Low Pressure Needle Valve Company Information
Table 77. Bronkhorst High-Tech Low Pressure Needle Valve Specification and Application
Table 78. Bronkhorst High-Tech Low Pressure Needle Valve Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 79. Bronkhorst High-Tech Main Business and Markets Served
Table 80. Bronkhorst High-Tech Recent Developments/Updates
Table 81. Festo Low Pressure Needle Valve Company Information
Table 82. Festo Low Pressure Needle Valve Specification and Application
Table 83. Festo Low Pressure Needle Valve Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 84. Festo Main Business and Markets Served
Table 85. Festo Recent Developments/Updates
Table 86. SMC Low Pressure Needle Valve Company Information
Table 87. SMC Low Pressure Needle Valve Specification and Application
Table 88. SMC Low Pressure Needle Valve Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 89. SMC Main Business and Markets Served
Table 90. SMC Recent Developments/Updates
Table 91. TESCOM (Emerson) Low Pressure Needle Valve Company Information
Table 92. TESCOM (Emerson) Low Pressure Needle Valve Specification and Application
Table 93. TESCOM (Emerson) Low Pressure Needle Valve Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 94. TESCOM (Emerson) Main Business and Markets Served
Table 95. TESCOM (Emerson) Recent Developments/Updates
Table 96. Parker Hannifin Low Pressure Needle Valve Company Information
Table 97. Parker Hannifin Low Pressure Needle Valve Specification and Application
Table 98. Parker Hannifin Low Pressure Needle Valve Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 99. Parker Hannifin Main Business and Markets Served
Table 100. Parker Hannifin Recent Developments/Updates
Table 101. HOKE Low Pressure Needle Valve Company Information
Table 102. HOKE Low Pressure Needle Valve Specification and Application
Table 103. HOKE Low Pressure Needle Valve Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 104. HOKE Main Business and Markets Served
Table 105. HOKE Recent Developments/Updates
Table 106. Ham-Let Group Low Pressure Needle Valve Company Information
Table 107. Ham-Let Group Low Pressure Needle Valve Specification and Application
Table 108. Ham-Let Group Low Pressure Needle Valve Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 109. Ham-Let Group Main Business and Markets Served
Table 110. Ham-Let Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 111. Hy-Lok Low Pressure Needle Valve Company Information
Table 112. Hy-Lok Low Pressure Needle Valve Specification and Application
Table 113. Hy-Lok Low Pressure Needle Valve Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 114. Hy-Lok Main Business and Markets Served
Table 115. Hy-Lok Recent Developments/Updates
Table 116. DK-LOK Low Pressure Needle Valve Company Information
Table 117. DK-LOK Low Pressure Needle Valve Specification and Application
Table 118. DK-LOK Low Pressure Needle Valve Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 119. DK-LOK Main Business and Markets Served
Table 120. DK-LOK Recent Developments/Updates
Table 121. FITOK Group Low Pressure Needle Valve Company Information
Table 122. FITOK Group Low Pressure Needle Valve Specification and Application
Table 123. FITOK Group Low Pressure Needle Valve Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 124. FITOK Group Main Business and Markets Served
Table 125. FITOK Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 126. SSP Fittings Low Pressure Needle Valve Company Information
Table 127. SSP Fittings Low Pressure Needle Valve Specification and Application
Table 128. SSP Fittings Low Pressure Needle Valve Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 129. SSP Fittings Main Business and Markets Served
Table 130. SSP Fittings Recent Developments/Updates
Table 131. Fujikin Low Pressure Needle Valve Company Information
Table 132. Fujikin Low Pressure Needle Valve Specification and Application
Table 133. Fujikin Low Pressure Needle Valve Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 134. Fujikin Main Business and Markets Served
Table 135. Fujikin Recent Developments/Updates
Table 136. Tylok International Low Pressure Needle Valve Company Information
Table 137. Tylok International Low Pressure Needle Valve Specification and Application
Table 138. Tylok International Low Pressure Needle Valve Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 139. Tylok International Main Business and Markets Served
Table 140. Tylok International Recent Developments/Updates
Table 141. Superlok Low Pressure Needle Valve Company Information
Table 142. Superlok Low Pressure Needle Valve Specification and Application
Table 143. Superlok Low Pressure Needle Valve Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 144. Superlok Main Business and Markets Served
Table 145. Superlok Recent Developments/Updates
Table 146. Oliver Valves Low Pressure Needle Valve Company Information
Table 147. Oliver Valves Low Pressure Needle Valve Specification and Application
Table 148. Oliver Valves Low Pressure Needle Valve Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 149. Oliver Valves Main Business and Markets Served
Table 150. Oliver Valves Recent Developments/Updates
Table 151. GEMÜ Group Low Pressure Needle Valve Company Information
Table 152. GEMÜ Group Low Pressure Needle Valve Specification and Application
Table 153. GEMÜ Group Low Pressure Needle Valve Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 154. GEMÜ Group Main Business and Markets Served
Table 155. GEMÜ Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 156. Circle Seal Controls Low Pressure Needle Valve Company Information
Table 157. Circle Seal Controls Low Pressure Needle Valve Specification and Application
Table 158. Circle Seal Controls Low Pressure Needle Valve Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 159. Circle Seal Controls Main Business and Markets Served
Table 160. Circle Seal Controls Recent Developments/Updates
Table 161. Generant Low Pressure Needle Valve Company Information
Table 162. Generant Low Pressure Needle Valve Specification and Application
Table 163. Generant Low Pressure Needle Valve Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 164. Generant Main Business and Markets Served
Table 165. Generant Recent Developments/Updates
Table 166. AS-Schneider Low Pressure Needle Valve Company Information
Table 167. AS-Schneider Low Pressure Needle Valve Specification and Application
Table 168. AS-Schneider Low Pressure Needle Valve Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 169. AS-Schneider Main Business and Markets Served
Table 170. AS-Schneider Recent Developments/Updates
Table 171. Dwyer Instruments Low Pressure Needle Valve Company Information
Table 172. Dwyer Instruments Low Pressure Needle Valve Specification and Application
Table 173. Dwyer Instruments Low Pressure Needle Valve Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 174. Dwyer Instruments Main Business and Markets Served
Table 175. Dwyer Instruments Recent Developments/Updates
Table 176. Whitey (IDEX) Low Pressure Needle Valve Company Information
Table 177. Whitey (IDEX) Low Pressure Needle Valve Specification and Application
Table 178. Whitey (IDEX) Low Pressure Needle Valve Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 179. Whitey (IDEX) Main Business and Markets Served
Table 180. Whitey (IDEX) Recent Developments/Updates
Table 181. Safelok Low Pressure Needle Valve Company Information
Table 182. Safelok Low Pressure Needle Valve Specification and Application
Table 183. Safelok Low Pressure Needle Valve Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 184. Safelok Main Business and Markets Served
Table 185. Safelok Recent Developments/Updates
Table 186. Superior Valve Low Pressure Needle Valve Company Information
Table 187. Superior Valve Low Pressure Needle Valve Specification and Application
Table 188. Superior Valve Low Pressure Needle Valve Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 189. Superior Valve Main Business and Markets Served
Table 190. Superior Valve Recent Developments/Updates
Table 191. High Pressure Equipment Company (HPEC) Low Pressure Needle Valve Company Information
Table 192. High Pressure Equipment Company (HPEC) Low Pressure Needle Valve Specification and Application
Table 193. High Pressure Equipment Company (HPEC) Low Pressure Needle Valve Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 194. High Pressure Equipment Company (HPEC) Main Business and Markets Served
Table 195. High Pressure Equipment Company (HPEC) Recent Developments/Updates
Table 196. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 197. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 198. Low Pressure Needle Valve Distributors List
Table 199. Low Pressure Needle Valve Customers List
Table 200. Low Pressure Needle Valve Market Trends
Table 201. Low Pressure Needle Valve Market Drivers
Table 202. Low Pressure Needle Valve Market Challenges
Table 203. Low Pressure Needle Valve Market Restraints
Table 204. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 205. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 206. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 207. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Low Pressure Needle Valve
Figure 2. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Market Value by Type (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 3. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Market Share by Type: 2025 vs 2032
Figure 4. Threaded Needle Valves Product Picture
Figure 5. Compression Fitting Needle Valves Product Picture
Figure 6. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Market Value by Body Configuration (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 7. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Market Share by Body Configuration: 2025 vs 2032
Figure 8. Straight Pattern Needle Valves Product Picture
Figure 9. Angle Pattern Needle Valves Product Picture
Figure 10. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Market Value by Application (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 11. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Market Share by Application: 2025 vs 2032
Figure 12. Laboratory Instruments
Figure 13. Medical Devices
Figure 14. Analytical Equipment
Figure 15. Pneumatic Systems
Figure 16. Chemical Dosing Systems
Figure 17. Others
Figure 18. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Production Value (US$ Million), 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Figure 19. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Production Value (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 20. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Production Capacity (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 21. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Production (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 22. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Average Price (US$/Unit), 2021–2032
Figure 23. Low Pressure Needle Valve Report Years Considered
Figure 24. Low Pressure Needle Valve Production Share by Manufacturers in 2025
Figure 25. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2025)
Figure 26. Low Pressure Needle Valve Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2021 vs 2025
Figure 27. Top 5 and Top 10 Global Players: Market Share by Low Pressure Needle Valve Revenue in 2025
Figure 28. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Production Value by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (US$ Million)
Figure 29. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Production Value Market Share by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Figure 30. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Production Comparison by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (K Units)
Figure 31. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Production Market Share by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Figure 32. North America Low Pressure Needle Valve Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2021–2032)
Figure 33. Europe Low Pressure Needle Valve Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2021–2032)
Figure 34. China Low Pressure Needle Valve Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2021–2032)
Figure 35. Japan Low Pressure Needle Valve Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2021–2032)
Figure 36. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Consumption by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (K Units)
Figure 37. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Consumption Market Share by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Figure 38. North America Low Pressure Needle Valve Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 39. North America Low Pressure Needle Valve Consumption Market Share by Country (2021–2032)
Figure 40. U.S. Low Pressure Needle Valve Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 41. Canada Low Pressure Needle Valve Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 42. Europe Low Pressure Needle Valve Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 43. Europe Low Pressure Needle Valve Consumption Market Share by Country (2021–2032)
Figure 44. Germany Low Pressure Needle Valve Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 45. France Low Pressure Needle Valve Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 46. U.K. Low Pressure Needle Valve Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 47. Italy Low Pressure Needle Valve Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 48. Russia Low Pressure Needle Valve Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 49. Asia Pacific Low Pressure Needle Valve Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 50. Asia Pacific Low Pressure Needle Valve Consumption Market Share by Region (2021–2032)
Figure 51. China Low Pressure Needle Valve Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 52. Japan Low Pressure Needle Valve Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 53. South Korea Low Pressure Needle Valve Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 54. China Taiwan Low Pressure Needle Valve Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 55. Southeast Asia Low Pressure Needle Valve Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 56. India Low Pressure Needle Valve Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 57. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Low Pressure Needle Valve Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 58. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Low Pressure Needle Valve Consumption Market Share by Country (2021–2032)
Figure 59. Mexico Low Pressure Needle Valve Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 60. Brazil Low Pressure Needle Valve Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 61. Turkey Low Pressure Needle Valve Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 62. GCC Countries Low Pressure Needle Valve Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 63. Global Production Market Share of Low Pressure Needle Valve by Type (2021–2032)
Figure 64. Global Production Value Market Share of Low Pressure Needle Valve by Type (2021–2032)
Figure 65. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2021–2032)
Figure 66. Global Production Market Share of Low Pressure Needle Valve by Application (2021–2032)
Figure 67. Global Production Value Market Share of Low Pressure Needle Valve by Application (2021–2032)
Figure 68. Global Low Pressure Needle Valve Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2021–2032)
Figure 69. Low Pressure Needle Valve Value Chain
Figure 70. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 71. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 72. Data Triangulation
