List of Tables
Table 1. Global Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 2. Global Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 3. Global Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 4. Global Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Revenue by Region (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 5. Global Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Revenue by Region (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 6. Global Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (KWh)
Table 7. Global Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales by Region (2020-2025) & (KWh)
Table 8. Global Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales by Region (2026-2031) & (KWh)
Table 9. Emerging Market Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 10. Global Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Production Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (KWh)
Table 11. Global Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Production by Region (2020-2025) & (KWh)
Table 12. Global Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Production by Region (2026-2031) & (KWh)
Table 13. Global Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (KWh)
Table 14. Global Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 15. Global Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Revenue by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 16. Global Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 17. Global Key Manufacturers’Ranking Shift (2023 vs. 2024) (Based on Revenue)
Table 18. Global Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack by Manufacturer Tier (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack as of 2024)
Table 19. Global Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Average Gross Margin (%) by Manufacturer (2020 VS 2024)
Table 20. Global Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Average Selling Price (ASP) by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$/KWh)
Table 21. Key Manufacturers Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Manufacturing Base and Headquarters
Table 22. Global Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 23. Key Market Entrant/Exit (2020-2024) – Drivers & Impact Analysis
Table 24. Key Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans, R&D Investment
Table 25. Global Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales by Type (2020-2025) & (KWh)
Table 26. Global Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales by Type (2026-2031) & (KWh)
Table 27. Global Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Revenue by Type (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 28. Global Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Revenue by Type (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 29. Global Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack ASP by Type (2020-2031) & (US$/KWh)
Table 30. Technical Specifications by Key Product Type
Table 31. Global Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales by Application (2020-2025) & (KWh)
Table 32. Global Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales by Application (2026-2031) & (KWh)
Table 33. Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack High-Growth Sectors Demand CAGR (2024-2031)
Table 34. Global Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Revenue by Application (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 35. Global Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Revenue by Application (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 36. Global Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack ASP by Application (2020-2031) & (US$/KWh)
Table 37. Top Customers by Region
Table 38. Top Customers by Application
Table 39. North America Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Growth Accelerators and Market Barriers
Table 40. North America Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 41. North America Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales (KWh) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
Table 42. Europe Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Growth Accelerators and Market Barriers
Table 43. Europe Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 44. Europe Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales (KWh) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
Table 45. Asia-Pacific Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 46. Asia-Pacific Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales (KWh) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
Table 47. Asia-Pacific Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Growth Accelerators and Market Barriers
Table 48. Southeast Asia Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 49. Central and South America Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Investment Opportunities and Key Challenges
Table 50. Central and South America Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 51. Middle East and Africa Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Investment Opportunities and Key Challenges
Table 52. Middle East and Africa Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 53. BYD Corporation Information
Table 54. BYD Description and Major Businesses
Table 55. BYD Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 56. BYD Capacity, Sales (KWh), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/KWh) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 57. BYD Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 58. BYD Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 59. BYD Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 60. BYD Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack SWOT Analysis
Table 61. BYD Recent Developments
Table 62. Yiseneng Technology Corporation Information
Table 63. Yiseneng Technology Description and Major Businesses
Table 64. Yiseneng Technology Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 65. Yiseneng Technology Capacity, Sales (KWh), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/KWh) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 66. Yiseneng Technology Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 67. Yiseneng Technology Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 68. Yiseneng Technology Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 69. Yiseneng Technology Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack SWOT Analysis
Table 70. Yiseneng Technology Recent Developments
Table 71. Ryder Electronics Corporation Information
Table 72. Ryder Electronics Description and Major Businesses
Table 73. Ryder Electronics Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 74. Ryder Electronics Capacity, Sales (KWh), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/KWh) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 75. Ryder Electronics Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 76. Ryder Electronics Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 77. Ryder Electronics Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 78. Ryder Electronics Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack SWOT Analysis
Table 79. Ryder Electronics Recent Developments
Table 80. Large Electronics Corporation Information
Table 81. Large Electronics Description and Major Businesses
Table 82. Large Electronics Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 83. Large Electronics Capacity, Sales (KWh), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/KWh) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 84. Large Electronics Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 85. Large Electronics Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 86. Large Electronics Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 87. Large Electronics Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack SWOT Analysis
Table 88. Large Electronics Recent Developments
Table 89. Fullriver Battery Corporation Information
Table 90. Fullriver Battery Description and Major Businesses
Table 91. Fullriver Battery Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 92. Fullriver Battery Capacity, Sales (KWh), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/KWh) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 93. Fullriver Battery Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 94. Fullriver Battery Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 95. Fullriver Battery Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 96. Fullriver Battery Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack SWOT Analysis
Table 97. Fullriver Battery Recent Developments
Table 98. Jiangsu Aucksun Corporation Information
Table 99. Jiangsu Aucksun Description and Major Businesses
Table 100. Jiangsu Aucksun Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 101. Jiangsu Aucksun Capacity, Sales (KWh), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/KWh) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 102. Jiangsu Aucksun Recent Developments
Table 103. Sunwoda Corporation Information
Table 104. Sunwoda Description and Major Businesses
Table 105. Sunwoda Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 106. Sunwoda Capacity, Sales (KWh), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/KWh) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 107. Sunwoda Recent Developments
Table 108. Eve Battery Corporation Information
Table 109. Eve Battery Description and Major Businesses
Table 110. Eve Battery Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 111. Eve Battery Capacity, Sales (KWh), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/KWh) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 112. Eve Battery Recent Developments
Table 113. Samsung SDI Corporation Information
Table 114. Samsung SDI Description and Major Businesses
Table 115. Samsung SDI Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 116. Samsung SDI Capacity, Sales (KWh), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/KWh) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 117. Samsung SDI Recent Developments
Table 118. Murata Corporation Information
Table 119. Murata Description and Major Businesses
Table 120. Murata Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 121. Murata Capacity, Sales (KWh), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/KWh) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 122. Murata Recent Developments
Table 123. Fortress Power Corporation Information
Table 124. Fortress Power Description and Major Businesses
Table 125. Fortress Power Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 126. Fortress Power Capacity, Sales (KWh), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/KWh) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 127. Fortress Power Recent Developments
Table 128. LG Chem Corporation Information
Table 129. LG Chem Description and Major Businesses
Table 130. LG Chem Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 131. LG Chem Capacity, Sales (KWh), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/KWh) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 132. LG Chem Recent Developments
Table 133. Panasonic Corporation Information
Table 134. Panasonic Description and Major Businesses
Table 135. Panasonic Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 136. Panasonic Capacity, Sales (KWh), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/KWh) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 137. Panasonic Recent Developments
Table 138. Key Raw Materials Distribution
Table 139. Raw Materials Key Suppliers
Table 140. Critical Raw Material Supplier Concentration (2024) & Risk Index
Table 141. Milestones in Production Technology Evolution
Table 142. Distributors List
Table 143. Market Trends and Market Evolution
Table 144. Market Drivers and Opportunities
Table 145. Market Challenges, Risks, and Restraints
Table 146. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 147. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 148. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Product Picture
Figure 2. Global Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 3. 24V Product Picture
Figure 4. 48V Product Picture
Figure 5. 60V Product Picture
Figure 6. Others Product Picture
Figure 7. Global Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 8. Ships
Figure 9. Automotive
Figure 10. Others
Figure 11. Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Report Years Considered
Figure 12. Global Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Revenue, (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 13. Global Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 14. Global Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Revenue (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 15. Global Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Revenue Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 16. Global Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales (2020-2031) & (KWh)
Figure 17. Global Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales (CAGR) by Region (2020-2031) (KWh)
Figure 18. Global Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 19. Global Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Capacity, Production and Utilization (2020-2031) & (KWh)
Figure 20. Global Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Production Trend by Region (2020-2031) (KWh)
Figure 21. Global Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Production Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 22. Production Capacity Enablers & Constraints
Figure 23. Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Production Growth Rate in North America (2020-2031) & (KWh)
Figure 24. Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Production Growth Rate in Europe (2020-2031) & (KWh)
Figure 25. Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Production Growth Rate in China (2020-2031) & (KWh)
Figure 26. Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Production Growth Rate in Japan (2020-2031) & (KWh)
Figure 27. Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Production Growth Rate in South Korea (2020-2031) & (KWh)
Figure 28. Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Production Growth Rate in India (2020-2031) & (KWh)
Figure 29. Top 5 and Top 10 Manufacturers Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales Volume Market Share in 2024
Figure 30. Global Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Revenue Market Share Ranking (2024)
Figure 31. Tier Distribution by Revenue Contribution (2020 VS 2024)
Figure 32. 24V Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 33. 48V Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 34. 60V Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 35. Others Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 36. Type Eight Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 37. Type Nine Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 38. Global Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales Market Share by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 39. Global Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Revenue Market Share by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 40. Global Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales Market Share by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 41. Global Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Revenue Market Share by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 42. North America Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (KWh)
Figure 43. North America Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 44. North America Top 5 Manufacturers Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 45. North America Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales Volume (KWh) by Type (2020- 2031)
Figure 46. North America Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020 - 2031)
Figure 47. North America Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales Volume (KWh) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 48. North America Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 49. US Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 50. Canada Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 51. Mexico Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 52. Europe Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (KWh)
Figure 53. Europe Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 54. Europe Top 5 Manufacturers Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 55. Europe Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales Volume (KWh) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 56. Europe Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 57. Europe Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales Volume (KWh) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 58. Europe Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 59. Germany Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 60. France Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 61. U.K. Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 62. Italy Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 63. Russia Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 64. Asia-Pacific Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (KWh)
Figure 65. Asia-Pacific Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 66. Asia-Pacific Top 8 Manufacturers Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 67. Asia-Pacific Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales Volume (KWh) by Type (2020- 2031)
Figure 68. Asia-Pacific Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020- 2031)
Figure 69. Asia-Pacific Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales Volume (KWh) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 70. Asia-Pacific Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 71. Indonesia Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 72. Japan Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 73. South Korea Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 74. China Taiwan Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 75. India Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 76. Central and South America Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (KWh)
Figure 77. Central and South America Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 78. Central and South America Top 5 Manufacturers Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 79. Central and South America Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales Volume (KWh) by Type (2021-2031)
Figure 80. Central and South America Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 81. Central and South America Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales Volume (KWh) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 82. Central and South America Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 83. Brazil Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 84. Argentina Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 85. Middle East, and Africa Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (KWh)
Figure 86. Middle East and Africa Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 87. Middle East and Africa Top 5 Manufacturers Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 88. Middle East and Africa Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales Volume (KWh) by Type (2021-2031)
Figure 89. South America Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 90. Middle East and Africa Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales Volume (KWh) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 91. Middle East and Africa Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 92. GCC Countries Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 93. Turkey Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 94. Egypt Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 95. South Africa Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 96. Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Industry Chain Mapping
Figure 97. Regional Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Manufacturing Base Distribution (%)
Figure 98. Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Production Process
Figure 99. Regional Lithium Iron Phosphate Power Battery Pack Production Cost Structure
Figure 100. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 101. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 102. Data Triangulation
Figure 103. Key Executives Interviewed