List of Tables
Table 1. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 2. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 3. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production Capacity (K Units) by Manufacturers in 2024
Table 4. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 5. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 6. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production Value by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 8. Global Key Players of Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors, Industry Ranking, 2023 VS 2024
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Production Value in Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors as of 2024)
Table 10. Global Market Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/Unit) & (2020-2025)
Table 11. Global Key Manufacturers of Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors, Product Offered and Application
Table 13. Global Key Manufacturers of Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors, Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 14. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 15. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 16. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 17. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 18. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production Value Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 19. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 20. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 21. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 22. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production (K Units) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 23. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 24. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production (K Units) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 25. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 26. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 27. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2026-2031)
Table 28. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 29. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 30. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 31. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Forecasted Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 32. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2026-2031)
Table 33. North America Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 34. North America Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 35. North America Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 36. Europe Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 37. Europe Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 38. Europe Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 39. Asia Pacific Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 41. Asia Pacific Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 44. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 45. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production (K Units) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 46. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production (K Units) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 47. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 48. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 49. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 50. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 51. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production Value Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 52. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production Value Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 53. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 54. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 55. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production (K Units) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 56. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production (K Units) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 57. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 58. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 59. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 60. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 61. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production Value Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 62. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production Value Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 63. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 64. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 65. AMWEI Thermistor Sensor Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Company Information
Table 66. AMWEI Thermistor Sensor Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Specification and Application
Table 67. AMWEI Thermistor Sensor Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 68. AMWEI Thermistor Sensor Main Business and Markets Served
Table 69. AMWEI Thermistor Sensor Recent Developments/Updates
Table 70. TDK Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Company Information
Table 71. TDK Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Specification and Application
Table 72. TDK Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 73. TDK Main Business and Markets Served
Table 74. TDK Recent Developments/Updates
Table 75. Amphenol Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Company Information
Table 76. Amphenol Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Specification and Application
Table 77. Amphenol Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 78. Amphenol Main Business and Markets Served
Table 79. Amphenol Recent Developments/Updates
Table 80. SEN TECH Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Company Information
Table 81. SEN TECH Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Specification and Application
Table 82. SEN TECH Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 83. SEN TECH Main Business and Markets Served
Table 84. SEN TECH Recent Developments/Updates
Table 85. Ametherm Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Company Information
Table 86. Ametherm Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Specification and Application
Table 87. Ametherm Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 88. Ametherm Main Business and Markets Served
Table 89. Ametherm Recent Developments/Updates
Table 90. Eaton Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Company Information
Table 91. Eaton Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Specification and Application
Table 92. Eaton Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 93. Eaton Main Business and Markets Served
Table 94. Eaton Recent Developments/Updates
Table 95. TE Connectivity Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Company Information
Table 96. TE Connectivity Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Specification and Application
Table 97. TE Connectivity Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 98. TE Connectivity Main Business and Markets Served
Table 99. TE Connectivity Recent Developments/Updates
Table 100. TAYAO Technology Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Company Information
Table 101. TAYAO Technology Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Specification and Application
Table 102. TAYAO Technology Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 103. TAYAO Technology Main Business and Markets Served
Table 104. TAYAO Technology Recent Developments/Updates
Table 105. Wuxi Xuyang Electronics Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Company Information
Table 106. Wuxi Xuyang Electronics Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Specification and Application
Table 107. Wuxi Xuyang Electronics Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 108. Wuxi Xuyang Electronics Main Business and Markets Served
Table 109. Wuxi Xuyang Electronics Recent Developments/Updates
Table 110. Quest for Advanced Materials Electronics Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Company Information
Table 111. Quest for Advanced Materials Electronics Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Specification and Application
Table 112. Quest for Advanced Materials Electronics Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 113. Quest for Advanced Materials Electronics Main Business and Markets Served
Table 114. Quest for Advanced Materials Electronics Recent Developments/Updates
Table 115. EXSENSE Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Company Information
Table 116. EXSENSE Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Specification and Application
Table 117. EXSENSE Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 118. EXSENSE Main Business and Markets Served
Table 119. EXSENSE Recent Developments/Updates
Table 120. TOPOS Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Company Information
Table 121. TOPOS Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Specification and Application
Table 122. TOPOS Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 123. TOPOS Main Business and Markets Served
Table 124. TOPOS Recent Developments/Updates
Table 125. Shenzhen Minchuang Electronics Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Company Information
Table 126. Shenzhen Minchuang Electronics Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Specification and Application
Table 127. Shenzhen Minchuang Electronics Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 128. Shenzhen Minchuang Electronics Main Business and Markets Served
Table 129. Shenzhen Minchuang Electronics Recent Developments/Updates
Table 130. XIAMEN SAMPOO HI-TECH Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Company Information
Table 131. XIAMEN SAMPOO HI-TECH Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Specification and Application
Table 132. XIAMEN SAMPOO HI-TECH Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 133. XIAMEN SAMPOO HI-TECH Main Business and Markets Served
Table 134. XIAMEN SAMPOO HI-TECH Recent Developments/Updates
Table 135. Focus Sensing and Control Technology Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Company Information
Table 136. Focus Sensing and Control Technology Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Specification and Application
Table 137. Focus Sensing and Control Technology Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 138. Focus Sensing and Control Technology Main Business and Markets Served
Table 139. Focus Sensing and Control Technology Recent Developments/Updates
Table 140. Jinlongbao Electronics Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Company Information
Table 141. Jinlongbao Electronics Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Specification and Application
Table 142. Jinlongbao Electronics Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 143. Jinlongbao Electronics Main Business and Markets Served
Table 144. Jinlongbao Electronics Recent Developments/Updates
Table 145. Mintai Electronics Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Company Information
Table 146. Mintai Electronics Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Specification and Application
Table 147. Mintai Electronics Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 148. Mintai Electronics Main Business and Markets Served
Table 149. Mintai Electronics Recent Developments/Updates
Table 150. Shenzhen Thermistor Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Company Information
Table 151. Shenzhen Thermistor Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Specification and Application
Table 152. Shenzhen Thermistor Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 153. Shenzhen Thermistor Main Business and Markets Served
Table 154. Shenzhen Thermistor Recent Developments/Updates
Table 155. HateSensor Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Company Information
Table 156. HateSensor Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Specification and Application
Table 157. HateSensor Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 158. HateSensor Main Business and Markets Served
Table 159. HateSensor Recent Developments/Updates
Table 160. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 161. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 162. Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Distributors List
Table 163. Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Customers List
Table 164. Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Market Trends
Table 165. Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Market Drivers
Table 166. Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Market Challenges
Table 167. Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Market Restraints
Table 168. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 169. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 170. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 171. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors
Figure 2. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 3. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Market Share by Type: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 4. High Temperature Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistor Product Picture
Figure 5. Low Temperature Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistor Product Picture
Figure 6. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 7. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Market Share by Application: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 8. Automotive
Figure 9. Industrial Equipment
Figure 10. Home Appliances
Figure 11. Medical Equipment
Figure 12. Others
Figure 13. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production Value (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 14. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production Value (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 15. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production Capacity (K Units) & (2020-2031)
Figure 16. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production (K Units) & (2020-2031)
Figure 17. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Average Price (US$/Unit) & (2020-2031)
Figure 18. Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Report Years Considered
Figure 19. Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production Share by Manufacturers in 2024
Figure 20. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2024)
Figure 21. Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2020 VS 2024
Figure 22. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Revenue in 2024
Figure 23. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 24. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production Value Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 25. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Figure 26. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 27. North America Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 28. Europe Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 29. China Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 30. Japan Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 31. South Korea Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 32. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Consumption by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Figure 33. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Consumption Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 34. North America Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 35. North America Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 36. U.S. Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 37. Canada Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 38. Europe Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 39. Europe Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 40. Germany Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 41. France Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 42. U.K. Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 43. Italy Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 44. Netherlands Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 45. Asia Pacific Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 46. Asia Pacific Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 47. China Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 48. Japan Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 49. South Korea Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 50. China Taiwan Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 51. Southeast Asia Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 52. India Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 53. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 54. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 55. Mexico Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 56. Brazil Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 57. Israel Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 58. Global Production Market Share of Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 59. Global Production Value Market Share of Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 60. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 61. Global Production Market Share of Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 62. Global Production Value Market Share of Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 63. Global Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 64. Radial Glass Sealed NTC Thermistors Value Chain
Figure 65. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 66. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 67. Data Triangulation
