List of Tables
Table 1. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 2. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 3. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production Capacity (K Units) by Manufacturers in 2024
Table 4. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 5. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 6. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production Value by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 8. Global Key Players of Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV), Industry Ranking, 2023 VS 2024
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Production Value in Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) as of 2024)
Table 10. Global Market Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/Unit) & (2020-2025)
Table 11. Global Key Manufacturers of Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV), Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV), Product Offered and Application
Table 13. Global Key Manufacturers of Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV), Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 14. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 15. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 16. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 17. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 18. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production Value Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 19. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 20. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 21. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 22. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production (K Units) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 23. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 24. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production (K Units) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 25. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 26. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 27. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2026-2031)
Table 28. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 29. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 30. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 31. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Forecasted Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 32. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2026-2031)
Table 33. North America Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 34. North America Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 35. North America Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 36. Europe Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 37. Europe Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 38. Europe Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 39. Asia Pacific Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 41. Asia Pacific Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 44. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 45. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production (K Units) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 46. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production (K Units) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 47. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 48. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 49. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 50. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 51. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production Value Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 52. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production Value Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 53. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 54. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 55. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production (K Units) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 56. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production (K Units) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 57. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 58. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 59. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 60. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 61. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production Value Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 62. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production Value Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 63. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 64. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 65. ABB Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Company Information
Table 66. ABB Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Specification and Application
Table 67. ABB Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 68. ABB Main Business and Markets Served
Table 69. ABB Recent Developments/Updates
Table 70. Siemens Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Company Information
Table 71. Siemens Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Specification and Application
Table 72. Siemens Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 73. Siemens Main Business and Markets Served
Table 74. Siemens Recent Developments/Updates
Table 75. GE Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Company Information
Table 76. GE Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Specification and Application
Table 77. GE Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 78. GE Main Business and Markets Served
Table 79. GE Recent Developments/Updates
Table 80. Hitachi Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Company Information
Table 81. Hitachi Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Specification and Application
Table 82. Hitachi Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 83. Hitachi Main Business and Markets Served
Table 84. Hitachi Recent Developments/Updates
Table 85. Fuji Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Company Information
Table 86. Fuji Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Specification and Application
Table 87. Fuji Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 88. Fuji Main Business and Markets Served
Table 89. Fuji Recent Developments/Updates
Table 90. Schneider Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Company Information
Table 91. Schneider Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Specification and Application
Table 92. Schneider Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 93. Schneider Main Business and Markets Served
Table 94. Schneider Recent Developments/Updates
Table 95. Eaton Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Company Information
Table 96. Eaton Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Specification and Application
Table 97. Eaton Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 98. Eaton Main Business and Markets Served
Table 99. Eaton Recent Developments/Updates
Table 100. Mitsubishi Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Company Information
Table 101. Mitsubishi Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Specification and Application
Table 102. Mitsubishi Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 103. Mitsubishi Main Business and Markets Served
Table 104. Mitsubishi Recent Developments/Updates
Table 105. Hainan Jinpan Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Company Information
Table 106. Hainan Jinpan Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Specification and Application
Table 107. Hainan Jinpan Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 108. Hainan Jinpan Main Business and Markets Served
Table 109. Hainan Jinpan Recent Developments/Updates
Table 110. Koncar Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Company Information
Table 111. Koncar Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Specification and Application
Table 112. Koncar Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 113. Koncar Main Business and Markets Served
Table 114. Koncar Recent Developments/Updates
Table 115. CG Power Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Company Information
Table 116. CG Power Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Specification and Application
Table 117. CG Power Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 118. CG Power Main Business and Markets Served
Table 119. CG Power Recent Developments/Updates
Table 120. Westrafo Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Company Information
Table 121. Westrafo Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Specification and Application
Table 122. Westrafo Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 123. Westrafo Main Business and Markets Served
Table 124. Westrafo Recent Developments/Updates
Table 125. SMIT Group Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Company Information
Table 126. SMIT Group Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Specification and Application
Table 127. SMIT Group Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 128. SMIT Group Main Business and Markets Served
Table 129. SMIT Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 130. JSHP Transformer Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Company Information
Table 131. JSHP Transformer Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Specification and Application
Table 132. JSHP Transformer Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 133. JSHP Transformer Main Business and Markets Served
Table 134. JSHP Transformer Recent Developments/Updates
Table 135. Efacec Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Company Information
Table 136. Efacec Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Specification and Application
Table 137. Efacec Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 138. Efacec Main Business and Markets Served
Table 139. Efacec Recent Developments/Updates
Table 140. ELSCO Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Company Information
Table 141. ELSCO Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Specification and Application
Table 142. ELSCO Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 143. ELSCO Main Business and Markets Served
Table 144. ELSCO Recent Developments/Updates
Table 145. SGB Group Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Company Information
Table 146. SGB Group Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Specification and Application
Table 147. SGB Group Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 148. SGB Group Main Business and Markets Served
Table 149. SGB Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 150. Eltaş Transformatör A.Ş. Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Company Information
Table 151. Eltaş Transformatör A.Ş. Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Specification and Application
Table 152. Eltaş Transformatör A.Ş. Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 153. Eltaş Transformatör A.Ş. Main Business and Markets Served
Table 154. Eltaş Transformatör A.Ş. Recent Developments/Updates
Table 155. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 156. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 157. Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Distributors List
Table 158. Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Customers List
Table 159. Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Market Trends
Table 160. Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Market Drivers
Table 161. Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Market Challenges
Table 162. Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Market Restraints
Table 163. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 164. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 165. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 166. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV)
Figure 2. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 3. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Market Share by Type: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 4. Dry Type Transformer Product Picture
Figure 5. Oil Immersed Transformer Product Picture
Figure 6. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 7. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Market Share by Application: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 8. Power Industry
Figure 9. Metallurgical Industry
Figure 10. Rail Traffic
Figure 11. Municipal Construction
Figure 12. Petrochemical Industry
Figure 13. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production Value (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 14. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production Value (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 15. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production Capacity (K Units) & (2020-2031)
Figure 16. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production (K Units) & (2020-2031)
Figure 17. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Average Price (US$/Unit) & (2020-2031)
Figure 18. Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Report Years Considered
Figure 19. Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production Share by Manufacturers in 2024
Figure 20. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2024)
Figure 21. Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2020 VS 2024
Figure 22. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Revenue in 2024
Figure 23. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 24. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production Value Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 25. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Figure 26. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 27. North America Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 28. Europe Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 29. China Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 30. Japan Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 31. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Consumption by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Figure 32. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Consumption Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 33. North America Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 34. North America Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 35. U.S. Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 36. Canada Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 37. Europe Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 38. Europe Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 39. Germany Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 40. France Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 41. U.K. Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 42. Italy Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 43. Netherlands Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 44. Asia Pacific Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 45. Asia Pacific Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 46. China Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 47. Japan Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 48. South Korea Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 49. China Taiwan Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 50. Southeast Asia Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 51. India Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 52. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 53. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 54. Mexico Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 55. Brazil Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 56. Turkey Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 57. GCC Countries Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 58. Global Production Market Share of Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 59. Global Production Value Market Share of Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 60. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 61. Global Production Market Share of Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 62. Global Production Value Market Share of Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 63. Global Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 64. Medium Power Transformer (5 KV to 35 KV) Value Chain
Figure 65. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 66. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 67. Data Triangulation
