List of Tables
Table 1. Global Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 2. Global Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 3. Global Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 4. Global Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Revenue by Region (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 5. Global Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Revenue by Region (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 6. Global Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Table 7. Global Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales by Region (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 8. Global Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales by Region (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 9. Emerging Market Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 10. Global Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Production Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Table 11. Global Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Production by Region (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 12. Global Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Production by Region (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 13. Global Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 14. Global Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 15. Global Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Revenue by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 16. Global Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 17. Global Key Manufacturers’Ranking Shift (2023 vs. 2024) (Based on Revenue)
Table 18. Global Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center by Manufacturer Tier (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center as of 2024)
Table 19. Global Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Average Gross Margin (%) by Manufacturer (2020 VS 2024)
Table 20. Global Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Average Selling Price (ASP) by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$/Unit)
Table 21. Key Manufacturers Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Manufacturing Base and Headquarters
Table 22. Global Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 23. Key Market Entrant/Exit (2020-2024) – Drivers & Impact Analysis
Table 24. Key Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans, R&D Investment
Table 25. Global Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales by Type (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 26. Global Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales by Type (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 27. Global Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Revenue by Type (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 28. Global Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Revenue by Type (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 29. Global Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center ASP by Type (2020-2031) & (US$/Unit)
Table 30. Technical Specifications by Key Product Type
Table 31. Global Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales by Application (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 32. Global Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales by Application (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 33. Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center High-Growth Sectors Demand CAGR (2024-2031)
Table 34. Global Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Revenue by Application (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 35. Global Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Revenue by Application (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 36. Global Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center ASP by Application (2020-2031) & (US$/Unit)
Table 37. Top Customers by Region
Table 38. Top Customers by Application
Table 39. North America Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Growth Accelerators and Market Barriers
Table 40. North America Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 41. North America Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales (Units) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
Table 42. Europe Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Growth Accelerators and Market Barriers
Table 43. Europe Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 44. Europe Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales (Units) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
Table 45. Asia-Pacific Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 46. Asia-Pacific Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales (Units) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
Table 47. Asia-Pacific Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Growth Accelerators and Market Barriers
Table 48. Southeast Asia Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 49. Central and South America Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Investment Opportunities and Key Challenges
Table 50. Central and South America Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 51. Middle East and Africa Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Investment Opportunities and Key Challenges
Table 52. Middle East and Africa Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 53. DMG Mori Seiki Corporation Information
Table 54. DMG Mori Seiki Description and Major Businesses
Table 55. DMG Mori Seiki Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 56. DMG Mori Seiki Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 57. DMG Mori Seiki Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 58. DMG Mori Seiki Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 59. DMG Mori Seiki Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 60. DMG Mori Seiki Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center SWOT Analysis
Table 61. DMG Mori Seiki Recent Developments
Table 62. Yamazaki Mazak Corporation Information
Table 63. Yamazaki Mazak Description and Major Businesses
Table 64. Yamazaki Mazak Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 65. Yamazaki Mazak Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 66. Yamazaki Mazak Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 67. Yamazaki Mazak Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 68. Yamazaki Mazak Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 69. Yamazaki Mazak Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center SWOT Analysis
Table 70. Yamazaki Mazak Recent Developments
Table 71. GROB-WERKE Corporation Information
Table 72. GROB-WERKE Description and Major Businesses
Table 73. GROB-WERKE Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 74. GROB-WERKE Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 75. GROB-WERKE Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 76. GROB-WERKE Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 77. GROB-WERKE Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 78. GROB-WERKE Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center SWOT Analysis
Table 79. GROB-WERKE Recent Developments
Table 80. Okuma Corporation Corporation Information
Table 81. Okuma Corporation Description and Major Businesses
Table 82. Okuma Corporation Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 83. Okuma Corporation Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 84. Okuma Corporation Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 85. Okuma Corporation Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 86. Okuma Corporation Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 87. Okuma Corporation Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center SWOT Analysis
Table 88. Okuma Corporation Recent Developments
Table 89. Doosan Machine Tools Corporation Information
Table 90. Doosan Machine Tools Description and Major Businesses
Table 91. Doosan Machine Tools Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 92. Doosan Machine Tools Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 93. Doosan Machine Tools Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 94. Doosan Machine Tools Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 95. Doosan Machine Tools Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 96. Doosan Machine Tools Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center SWOT Analysis
Table 97. Doosan Machine Tools Recent Developments
Table 98. GF Machining Solutions Corporation Information
Table 99. GF Machining Solutions Description and Major Businesses
Table 100. GF Machining Solutions Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 101. GF Machining Solutions Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 102. GF Machining Solutions Recent Developments
Table 103. Makino Corporation Information
Table 104. Makino Description and Major Businesses
Table 105. Makino Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 106. Makino Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 107. Makino Recent Developments
Table 108. Hermle Corporation Information
Table 109. Hermle Description and Major Businesses
Table 110. Hermle Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 111. Hermle Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 112. Hermle Recent Developments
Table 113. JTEKT Corporation Corporation Information
Table 114. JTEKT Corporation Description and Major Businesses
Table 115. JTEKT Corporation Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 116. JTEKT Corporation Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 117. JTEKT Corporation Recent Developments
Table 118. Haas Automation Corporation Information
Table 119. Haas Automation Description and Major Businesses
Table 120. Haas Automation Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 121. Haas Automation Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 122. Haas Automation Recent Developments
Table 123. Starrag Group Corporation Information
Table 124. Starrag Group Description and Major Businesses
Table 125. Starrag Group Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 126. Starrag Group Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 127. Starrag Group Recent Developments
Table 128. Hyundai WIA Corporation Information
Table 129. Hyundai WIA Description and Major Businesses
Table 130. Hyundai WIA Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 131. Hyundai WIA Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 132. Hyundai WIA Recent Developments
Table 133. Hurco Corporation Information
Table 134. Hurco Description and Major Businesses
Table 135. Hurco Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 136. Hurco Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 137. Hurco Recent Developments
Table 138. Key Raw Materials Distribution
Table 139. Raw Materials Key Suppliers
Table 140. Critical Raw Material Supplier Concentration (2024) & Risk Index
Table 141. Milestones in Production Technology Evolution
Table 142. Distributors List
Table 143. Market Trends and Market Evolution
Table 144. Market Drivers and Opportunities
Table 145. Market Challenges, Risks, and Restraints
Table 146. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 147. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 148. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Product Picture
Figure 2. Global Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 3. Horizontal Product Picture
Figure 4. Vertical Product Picture
Figure 5. Global Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 6. Automobile
Figure 7. High Precision Medical Equipment
Figure 8. Precision Machinery Manufacturing
Figure 9. Precision Hardware
Figure 10. Others
Figure 11. Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Report Years Considered
Figure 12. Global Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Revenue, (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 13. Global Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 14. Global Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Revenue (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 15. Global Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Revenue Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 16. Global Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 17. Global Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales (CAGR) by Region (2020-2031) (Units)
Figure 18. Global Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 19. Global Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Capacity, Production and Utilization (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 20. Global Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Production Trend by Region (2020-2031) (Units)
Figure 21. Global Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Production Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 22. Production Capacity Enablers & Constraints
Figure 23. Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Production Growth Rate in North America (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 24. Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Production Growth Rate in Europe (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 25. Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Production Growth Rate in China (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 26. Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Production Growth Rate in Japan (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 27. Top 5 and Top 10 Manufacturers Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales Volume Market Share in 2024
Figure 28. Global Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Revenue Market Share Ranking (2024)
Figure 29. Tier Distribution by Revenue Contribution (2020 VS 2024)
Figure 30. Horizontal Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 31. Vertical Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 32. Type Eight Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 33. Type Nine Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 34. Global Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales Market Share by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 35. Global Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Revenue Market Share by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 36. Global Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales Market Share by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 37. Global Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Revenue Market Share by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 38. North America Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 39. North America Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 40. North America Top 5 Manufacturers Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 41. North America Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales Volume (Units) by Type (2020- 2031)
Figure 42. North America Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020 - 2031)
Figure 43. North America Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales Volume (Units) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 44. North America Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 45. US Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 46. Canada Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 47. Mexico Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 48. Europe Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 49. Europe Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 50. Europe Top 5 Manufacturers Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 51. Europe Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales Volume (Units) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 52. Europe Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 53. Europe Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales Volume (Units) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 54. Europe Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 55. Germany Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 56. France Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 57. U.K. Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 58. Italy Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 59. Asia-Pacific Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 60. Asia-Pacific Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 61. Asia-Pacific Top 8 Manufacturers Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 62. Asia-Pacific Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales Volume (Units) by Type (2020- 2031)
Figure 63. Asia-Pacific Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020- 2031)
Figure 64. Asia-Pacific Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales Volume (Units) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 65. Asia-Pacific Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 66. Indonesia Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 67. Japan Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 68. South Korea Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 69. China Taiwan Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 70. India Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 71. Central and South America Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 72. Central and South America Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 73. Central and South America Top 5 Manufacturers Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 74. Central and South America Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales Volume (Units) by Type (2021-2031)
Figure 75. Central and South America Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 76. Central and South America Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales Volume (Units) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 77. Central and South America Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 78. Brazil Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 79. Argentina Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 80. Middle East, and Africa Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 81. Middle East and Africa Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 82. Middle East and Africa Top 5 Manufacturers Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 83. Middle East and Africa Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales Volume (Units) by Type (2021-2031)
Figure 84. South America Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 85. Middle East and Africa Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales Volume (Units) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 86. Middle East and Africa Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 87. GCC Countries Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 88. Turkey Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 89. Egypt Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 90. South Africa Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 91. Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Industry Chain Mapping
Figure 92. Regional Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Manufacturing Base Distribution (%)
Figure 93. Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Production Process
Figure 94. Regional Intelligent 5-Axis High-Precision Machining Center Production Cost Structure
Figure 95. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 96. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 97. Data Triangulation
Figure 98. Key Executives Interviewed