List of Tables
Table 1. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 2. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 3. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production Capacity (K Units) by Manufacturers in 2024
Table 4. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 5. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 6. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production Value by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 8. Global Key Players of Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids, Industry Ranking, 2023 VS 2024
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Production Value in Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids as of 2024)
Table 10. Global Market Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Average Price by Manufacturers (USD/Unit) & (2020-2025)
Table 11. Global Key Manufacturers of Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids, Product Offered and Application
Table 13. Global Key Manufacturers of Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids, Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 14. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 15. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 16. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 17. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 18. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production Value Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 19. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 20. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 21. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 22. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production (K Units) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 23. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 24. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production (K Units) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 25. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 26. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Market Average Price (USD/Unit) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 27. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Market Average Price (USD/Unit) by Region (2026-2031)
Table 28. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 29. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 30. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 31. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Forecasted Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 32. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2026-2031)
Table 33. North America Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 34. North America Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 35. North America Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 36. Europe Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 37. Europe Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 38. Europe Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 39. Asia Pacific Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 41. Asia Pacific Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 44. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 45. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production (K Units) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 46. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production (K Units) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 47. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 48. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 49. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 50. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 51. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production Value Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 52. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production Value Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 53. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Price (USD/Unit) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 54. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Price (USD/Unit) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 55. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production (K Units) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 56. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production (K Units) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 57. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 58. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 59. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 60. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 61. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production Value Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 62. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production Value Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 63. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Price (USD/Unit) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 64. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Price (USD/Unit) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 65. Robert Bosch Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Company Information
Table 66. Robert Bosch Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Specification and Application
Table 67. Robert Bosch Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 68. Robert Bosch Main Business and Markets Served
Table 69. Robert Bosch Recent Developments/Updates
Table 70. Continental Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Company Information
Table 71. Continental Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Specification and Application
Table 72. Continental Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 73. Continental Main Business and Markets Served
Table 74. Continental Recent Developments/Updates
Table 75. Delphi Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Company Information
Table 76. Delphi Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Specification and Application
Table 77. Delphi Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 78. Delphi Main Business and Markets Served
Table 79. Delphi Recent Developments/Updates
Table 80. Denso Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Company Information
Table 81. Denso Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Specification and Application
Table 82. Denso Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 83. Denso Main Business and Markets Served
Table 84. Denso Recent Developments/Updates
Table 85. Hitachi Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Company Information
Table 86. Hitachi Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Specification and Application
Table 87. Hitachi Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 88. Hitachi Main Business and Markets Served
Table 89. Hitachi Recent Developments/Updates
Table 90. Johnson Electric Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Company Information
Table 91. Johnson Electric Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Specification and Application
Table 92. Johnson Electric Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 93. Johnson Electric Main Business and Markets Served
Table 94. Johnson Electric Recent Developments/Updates
Table 95. Mitsubishi Electric Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Company Information
Table 96. Mitsubishi Electric Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Specification and Application
Table 97. Mitsubishi Electric Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 98. Mitsubishi Electric Main Business and Markets Served
Table 99. Mitsubishi Electric Recent Developments/Updates
Table 100. BorgWarner Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Company Information
Table 101. BorgWarner Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Specification and Application
Table 102. BorgWarner Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 103. BorgWarner Main Business and Markets Served
Table 104. BorgWarner Recent Developments/Updates
Table 105. GKN Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Company Information
Table 106. GKN Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Specification and Application
Table 107. GKN Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 108. GKN Main Business and Markets Served
Table 109. GKN Recent Developments/Updates
Table 110. Rheinmetall Automotive Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Company Information
Table 111. Rheinmetall Automotive Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Specification and Application
Table 112. Rheinmetall Automotive Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 113. Rheinmetall Automotive Main Business and Markets Served
Table 114. Rheinmetall Automotive Recent Developments/Updates
Table 115. Flex Ltd Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Company Information
Table 116. Flex Ltd Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Specification and Application
Table 117. Flex Ltd Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 118. Flex Ltd Main Business and Markets Served
Table 119. Flex Ltd Recent Developments/Updates
Table 120. Infineon Technologies Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Company Information
Table 121. Infineon Technologies Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Specification and Application
Table 122. Infineon Technologies Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 123. Infineon Technologies Main Business and Markets Served
Table 124. Infineon Technologies Recent Developments/Updates
Table 125. Nidec Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Company Information
Table 126. Nidec Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Specification and Application
Table 127. Nidec Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 128. Nidec Main Business and Markets Served
Table 129. Nidec Recent Developments/Updates
Table 130. Schaeffler Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Company Information
Table 131. Schaeffler Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Specification and Application
Table 132. Schaeffler Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 133. Schaeffler Main Business and Markets Served
Table 134. Schaeffler Recent Developments/Updates
Table 135. TLX Technologies Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Company Information
Table 136. TLX Technologies Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Specification and Application
Table 137. TLX Technologies Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 138. TLX Technologies Main Business and Markets Served
Table 139. TLX Technologies Recent Developments/Updates
Table 140. Rotex Automation Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Company Information
Table 141. Rotex Automation Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Specification and Application
Table 142. Rotex Automation Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 143. Rotex Automation Main Business and Markets Served
Table 144. Rotex Automation Recent Developments/Updates
Table 145. Wabco Holdings Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Company Information
Table 146. Wabco Holdings Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Specification and Application
Table 147. Wabco Holdings Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 148. Wabco Holdings Main Business and Markets Served
Table 149. Wabco Holdings Recent Developments/Updates
Table 150. Littlefuse Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Company Information
Table 151. Littlefuse Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Specification and Application
Table 152. Littlefuse Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 153. Littlefuse Main Business and Markets Served
Table 154. Littlefuse Recent Developments/Updates
Table 155. GW Lisk Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Company Information
Table 156. GW Lisk Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Specification and Application
Table 157. GW Lisk Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 158. GW Lisk Main Business and Markets Served
Table 159. GW Lisk Recent Developments/Updates
Table 160. Bitron Industrie SpA Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Company Information
Table 161. Bitron Industrie SpA Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Specification and Application
Table 162. Bitron Industrie SpA Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 163. Bitron Industrie SpA Main Business and Markets Served
Table 164. Bitron Industrie SpA Recent Developments/Updates
Table 165. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 166. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 167. Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Distributors List
Table 168. Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Customers List
Table 169. Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Market Trends
Table 170. Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Market Drivers
Table 171. Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Market Challenges
Table 172. Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Market Restraints
Table 173. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 174. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 175. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 176. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids
Figure 2. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 3. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Market Share by Type: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 4. Normally Closed Solenoid valve Product Picture
Figure 5. Normally Open Solenoid valve Product Picture
Figure 6. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 7. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Market Share by Application: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 8. Passenger Vehicles
Figure 9. Commercial Vehicles
Figure 10. Other
Figure 11. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production Value (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 12. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production Value (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 13. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production Capacity (K Units) & (2020-2031)
Figure 14. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production (K Units) & (2020-2031)
Figure 15. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Average Price (USD/Unit) & (2020-2031)
Figure 16. Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Report Years Considered
Figure 17. Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production Share by Manufacturers in 2024
Figure 18. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2024)
Figure 19. Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2020 VS 2024
Figure 20. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Revenue in 2024
Figure 21. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 22. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production Value Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 23. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Figure 24. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 25. North America Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 26. Europe Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 27. China Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 28. Japan Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 29. South Korea Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 30. India Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 31. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Consumption by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Figure 32. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Consumption Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 33. North America Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 34. North America Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 35. U.S. Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 36. Canada Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 37. Europe Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 38. Europe Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 39. Germany Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 40. France Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 41. U.K. Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 42. Italy Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 43. Netherlands Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 44. Asia Pacific Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 45. Asia Pacific Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 46. China Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 47. Japan Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 48. South Korea Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 49. China Taiwan Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 50. Southeast Asia Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 51. India Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 52. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 53. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 54. Mexico Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 55. Brazil Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 56. Turkey Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 57. GCC Countries Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 58. Global Production Market Share of Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 59. Global Production Value Market Share of Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 60. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Price (USD/Unit) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 61. Global Production Market Share of Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 62. Global Production Value Market Share of Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 63. Global Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Price (USD/Unit) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 64. Engine Cylinder Deactivation Solenoids Value Chain
Figure 65. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 66. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 67. Data Triangulation
