List of Tables
Table 1. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Table 2. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Table 3. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production by Manufacturers (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 4. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 5. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production Value by Manufacturers (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 6. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 7. Global Key Players of Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus, Industry Ranking, 2022 VS 2023
Table 8. Global Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Production Value in Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus as of 2023)
Table 9. Global Market Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/Unit) & (2019-2024)
Table 10. Global Key Manufacturers of Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus, Manufacturing Sites & Headquarters
Table 11. Global Key Manufacturers of Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus, Product Type & Application
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus, Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 13. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 14. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 15. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production Value Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 16. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 17. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production Value Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 18. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 19. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 20. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production Comparison by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 21. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production (K Units) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 22. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 23. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production (K Units) Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 24. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 25. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 26. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2025-2030)
Table 27. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 28. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Consumption by Region (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 29. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Consumption Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 30. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Forecasted Consumption by Region (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 31. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 32. North America Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 33. North America Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 34. North America Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 35. Europe Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 36. Europe Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 37. Europe Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 38. Asia Pacific Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 39. Asia Pacific Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Consumption by Region (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Consumption by Region (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 41. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 44. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production (K Units) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 45. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production (K Units) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 46. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production Market Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 47. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production Market Share by Type (2025-2030)
Table 48. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 49. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 50. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production Value Market Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 51. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production Value Market Share by Type (2025-2030)
Table 52. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 53. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 54. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production (K Units) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 55. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production (K Units) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 56. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production Market Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 57. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production Market Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 58. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 59. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 60. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production Value Market Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 61. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production Value Market Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 62. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 63. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 64. Dräger Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Company Information
Table 65. Dräger Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Specification and Application
Table 66. Dräger Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 67. Dräger Main Business and Markets Served
Table 68. Dräger Recent Developments/Updates
Table 69. MSA Safety Incorporated Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Company Information
Table 70. MSA Safety Incorporated Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Specification and Application
Table 71. MSA Safety Incorporated Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 72. MSA Safety Incorporated Main Business and Markets Served
Table 73. MSA Safety Incorporated Recent Developments/Updates
Table 74. Honeywell Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Company Information
Table 75. Honeywell Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Specification and Application
Table 76. Honeywell Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 77. Honeywell Main Business and Markets Served
Table 78. Honeywell Recent Developments/Updates
Table 79. 3M Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Company Information
Table 80. 3M Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Specification and Application
Table 81. 3M Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 82. 3M Main Business and Markets Served
Table 83. 3M Recent Developments/Updates
Table 84. Bauer Group Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Company Information
Table 85. Bauer Group Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Specification and Application
Table 86. Bauer Group Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 87. Bauer Group Main Business and Markets Served
Table 88. Bauer Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 89. Huatong Fire Protection Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Company Information
Table 90. Huatong Fire Protection Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Specification and Application
Table 91. Huatong Fire Protection Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 92. Huatong Fire Protection Main Business and Markets Served
Table 93. Huatong Fire Protection Recent Developments/Updates
Table 94. Jingdun Fire Protection Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Company Information
Table 95. Jingdun Fire Protection Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Specification and Application
Table 96. Jingdun Fire Protection Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 97. Jingdun Fire Protection Main Business and Markets Served
Table 98. Jingdun Fire Protection Recent Developments/Updates
Table 99. Yuan Fire Protection Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Company Information
Table 100. Yuan Fire Protection Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Specification and Application
Table 101. Yuan Fire Protection Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 102. Yuan Fire Protection Main Business and Markets Served
Table 103. Yuan Fire Protection Recent Developments/Updates
Table 104. Jiujiang Fire Protection Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Company Information
Table 105. Jiujiang Fire Protection Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Specification and Application
Table 106. Jiujiang Fire Protection Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 107. Jiujiang Fire Protection Main Business and Markets Served
Table 108. Jiujiang Fire Protection Recent Developments/Updates
Table 109. Aofeng Safety Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Company Information
Table 110. Aofeng Safety Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Specification and Application
Table 111. Aofeng Safety Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 112. Aofeng Safety Main Business and Markets Served
Table 113. Aofeng Safety Recent Developments/Updates
Table 114. Hengtai Safety Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Company Information
Table 115. Hengtai Safety Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Specification and Application
Table 116. Hengtai Safety Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 117. Hengtai Safety Main Business and Markets Served
Table 118. Hengtai Safety Recent Developments/Updates
Table 119. Avon Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Company Information
Table 120. Avon Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Specification and Application
Table 121. Avon Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 122. Avon Main Business and Markets Served
Table 123. Avon Recent Developments/Updates
Table 124. Interspiro Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Company Information
Table 125. Interspiro Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Specification and Application
Table 126. Interspiro Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 127. Interspiro Main Business and Markets Served
Table 128. Interspiro Recent Developments/Updates
Table 129. Shigematsu Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Company Information
Table 130. Shigematsu Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Specification and Application
Table 131. Shigematsu Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 132. Shigematsu Main Business and Markets Served
Table 133. Shigematsu Recent Developments/Updates
Table 134. Matisec Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Company Information
Table 135. Matisec Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Specification and Application
Table 136. Matisec Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 137. Matisec Main Business and Markets Served
Table 138. Matisec Recent Developments/Updates
Table 139. Cam Lock Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Company Information
Table 140. Cam Lock Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Specification and Application
Table 141. Cam Lock Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 142. Cam Lock Main Business and Markets Served
Table 143. Cam Lock Recent Developments/Updates
Table 144. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 145. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 146. Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Distributors List
Table 147. Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Customers List
Table 148. Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Market Trends
Table 149. Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Market Drivers
Table 150. Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Market Challenges
Table 151. Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Market Restraints
Table 152. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 153. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 154. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 155. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus
Figure 2. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Figure 3. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Market Share by Type: 2023 VS 2030
Figure 4. 6.8L Product Picture
Figure 5. 9L Product Picture
Figure 6. Other Product Picture
Figure 7. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Figure 8. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Market Share by Application: 2023 VS 2030
Figure 9. Firefighting
Figure 10. Industrial Safety
Figure 11. Other
Figure 12. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production Value (US$ Million), 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 13. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production Value (US$ Million) & (2019-2030)
Figure 14. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production Capacity (K Units) & (2019-2030)
Figure 15. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production (K Units) & (2019-2030)
Figure 16. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Average Price (US$/Unit) & (2019-2030)
Figure 17. Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Report Years Considered
Figure 18. Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production Share by Manufacturers in 2023
Figure 19. Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2019 VS 2023
Figure 20. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Revenue in 2023
Figure 21. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production Value Comparison by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 22. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production Value Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 23. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production Comparison by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Figure 24. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 25. North America Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 26. Europe Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 27. China Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 28. Japan Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 29. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Consumption by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Figure 30. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Consumption Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 31. North America Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 32. North America Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 33. U.S. Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 34. Canada Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 35. Europe Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 36. Europe Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 37. Germany Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 38. France Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 39. U.K. Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 40. Italy Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 41. Netherlands Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 42. Asia Pacific Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 43. Asia Pacific Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Consumption Market Share by Region (2025-2030)
Figure 44. China Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 45. Japan Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 46. South Korea Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 47. China Taiwan Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 48. Southeast Asia Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 49. India Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 50. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 51. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 52. Mexico Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 53. Brazil Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 54. Turkey Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 55. GCC Countries Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 56. Global Production Market Share of Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 57. Global Production Value Market Share of Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 58. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 59. Global Production Market Share of Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 60. Global Production Value Market Share of Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 61. Global Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 62. Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Value Chain
Figure 63. Positive Pressure Firefighting Air Breathing Apparatus Production Process
Figure 64. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 65. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 66. Data Triangulation
