List of Tables
Table 1. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Market Value by Type (US$ Million), 2025 vs 2032
Table 2. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Market Value by Application (US$ Million), 2025 vs 2032
Table 3. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production Capacity (K Units) by Manufacturers in 2025
Table 4. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production by Manufacturers (K Units), 2021–2026
Table 5. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2021–2026)
Table 6. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production Value by Manufacturers (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 7. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2021–2026)
Table 8. Global Key Players of Absolute Multiturn Encoders, Industry Ranking, 2024 vs 2025
Table 9. Classification of Companies by Tier (Tier 1, Tier 2, Tier 3), based on Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production Value, 2025
Table 10. Global Market Absolute Multiturn Encoders Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/Unit), 2021–2026
Table 11. Global Key Manufacturers of Absolute Multiturn Encoders, Manufacturing Footprints and Headquarters
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of Absolute Multiturn Encoders, Product Offerings and Applications
Table 13. Global Key Manufacturers of Absolute Multiturn Encoders, Date of Entry into the Industry
Table 14. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 15. Mergers & Acquisitions and Expansion Plans
Table 16. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production Value by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (US$ Million)
Table 17. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2021–2026)
Table 18. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production Value Market Share by Region (2021–2026)
Table 19. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2027–2032)
Table 20. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2027–2032)
Table 21. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production Comparison by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (K Units)
Table 22. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production (K Units) by Region (2021–2026)
Table 23. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production Market Share by Region (2021–2026)
Table 24. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production (K Units) Forecast by Region (2027–2032)
Table 25. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2027–2032)
Table 26. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2021–2026)
Table 27. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2027–2032)
Table 28. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (K Units)
Table 29. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Consumption by Region (K Units), 2021–2026
Table 30. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Consumption Market Share by Region (2021–2026)
Table 31. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Forecasted Consumption by Region (K Units), 2027–2032
Table 32. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2027–2032)
Table 33. North America Absolute Multiturn Encoders Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (K Units)
Table 34. North America Absolute Multiturn Encoders Consumption by Country (K Units), 2021–2026
Table 35. North America Absolute Multiturn Encoders Consumption by Country (K Units), 2027–2032
Table 36. Europe Absolute Multiturn Encoders Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (K Units)
Table 37. Europe Absolute Multiturn Encoders Consumption by Country (K Units), 2021–2026
Table 38. Europe Absolute Multiturn Encoders Consumption by Country (K Units), 2027–2032
Table 39. Asia Pacific Absolute Multiturn Encoders Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (K Units)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Absolute Multiturn Encoders Consumption by Region (K Units), 2021–2026
Table 41. Asia Pacific Absolute Multiturn Encoders Consumption by Region (K Units), 2027–2032
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Absolute Multiturn Encoders Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (K Units)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Absolute Multiturn Encoders Consumption by Country (K Units), 2021–2026
Table 44. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Absolute Multiturn Encoders Consumption by Country (K Units), 2027–2032
Table 45. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production (K Units) by Type (2021–2026)
Table 46. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production (K Units) by Type (2027–2032)
Table 47. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production Market Share by Type (2021–2026)
Table 48. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production Market Share by Type (2027–2032)
Table 49. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2021–2026)
Table 50. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2027–2032)
Table 51. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production Value Market Share by Type (2021–2026)
Table 52. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production Value Market Share by Type (2027–2032)
Table 53. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2021–2026)
Table 54. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2027–2032)
Table 55. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production (K Units) by Application (2021–2026)
Table 56. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production (K Units) by Application (2027–2032)
Table 57. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production Market Share by Application (2021–2026)
Table 58. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production Market Share by Application (2027–2032)
Table 59. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2021–2026)
Table 60. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2027–2032)
Table 61. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production Value Market Share by Application (2021–2026)
Table 62. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production Value Market Share by Application (2027–2032)
Table 63. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2021–2026)
Table 64. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2027–2032)
Table 65. RLS Absolute Multiturn Encoders Company Information
Table 66. RLS Absolute Multiturn Encoders Specification and Application
Table 67. RLS Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 68. RLS Main Business and Markets Served
Table 69. RLS Recent Developments/Updates
Table 70. Novanta (Celera Motion) Absolute Multiturn Encoders Company Information
Table 71. Novanta (Celera Motion) Absolute Multiturn Encoders Specification and Application
Table 72. Novanta (Celera Motion) Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 73. Novanta (Celera Motion) Main Business and Markets Served
Table 74. Novanta (Celera Motion) Recent Developments/Updates
Table 75. Dynapar Absolute Multiturn Encoders Company Information
Table 76. Dynapar Absolute Multiturn Encoders Specification and Application
Table 77. Dynapar Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 78. Dynapar Main Business and Markets Served
Table 79. Dynapar Recent Developments/Updates
Table 80. Heidenhain Absolute Multiturn Encoders Company Information
Table 81. Heidenhain Absolute Multiturn Encoders Specification and Application
Table 82. Heidenhain Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 83. Heidenhain Main Business and Markets Served
Table 84. Heidenhain Recent Developments/Updates
Table 85. Broadcom Absolute Multiturn Encoders Company Information
Table 86. Broadcom Absolute Multiturn Encoders Specification and Application
Table 87. Broadcom Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 88. Broadcom Main Business and Markets Served
Table 89. Broadcom Recent Developments/Updates
Table 90. Tamagawa Seiki Absolute Multiturn Encoders Company Information
Table 91. Tamagawa Seiki Absolute Multiturn Encoders Specification and Application
Table 92. Tamagawa Seiki Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 93. Tamagawa Seiki Main Business and Markets Served
Table 94. Tamagawa Seiki Recent Developments/Updates
Table 95. Encoder Products Company Absolute Multiturn Encoders Company Information
Table 96. Encoder Products Company Absolute Multiturn Encoders Specification and Application
Table 97. Encoder Products Company Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 98. Encoder Products Company Main Business and Markets Served
Table 99. Encoder Products Company Recent Developments/Updates
Table 100. Kübler Group Absolute Multiturn Encoders Company Information
Table 101. Kübler Group Absolute Multiturn Encoders Specification and Application
Table 102. Kübler Group Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 103. Kübler Group Main Business and Markets Served
Table 104. Kübler Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 105. POSITAL Absolute Multiturn Encoders Company Information
Table 106. POSITAL Absolute Multiturn Encoders Specification and Application
Table 107. POSITAL Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 108. POSITAL Main Business and Markets Served
Table 109. POSITAL Recent Developments/Updates
Table 110. IFM Electronic Absolute Multiturn Encoders Company Information
Table 111. IFM Electronic Absolute Multiturn Encoders Specification and Application
Table 112. IFM Electronic Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 113. IFM Electronic Main Business and Markets Served
Table 114. IFM Electronic Recent Developments/Updates
Table 115. Pepperl+Fuchs Absolute Multiturn Encoders Company Information
Table 116. Pepperl+Fuchs Absolute Multiturn Encoders Specification and Application
Table 117. Pepperl+Fuchs Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 118. Pepperl+Fuchs Main Business and Markets Served
Table 119. Pepperl+Fuchs Recent Developments/Updates
Table 120. MEGATRON Elektronik Absolute Multiturn Encoders Company Information
Table 121. MEGATRON Elektronik Absolute Multiturn Encoders Specification and Application
Table 122. MEGATRON Elektronik Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 123. MEGATRON Elektronik Main Business and Markets Served
Table 124. MEGATRON Elektronik Recent Developments/Updates
Table 125. Nanotec Electronic Absolute Multiturn Encoders Company Information
Table 126. Nanotec Electronic Absolute Multiturn Encoders Specification and Application
Table 127. Nanotec Electronic Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 128. Nanotec Electronic Main Business and Markets Served
Table 129. Nanotec Electronic Recent Developments/Updates
Table 130. Netzer Precision Position Sensors Absolute Multiturn Encoders Company Information
Table 131. Netzer Precision Position Sensors Absolute Multiturn Encoders Specification and Application
Table 132. Netzer Precision Position Sensors Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 133. Netzer Precision Position Sensors Main Business and Markets Served
Table 134. Netzer Precision Position Sensors Recent Developments/Updates
Table 135. Sensata Technologies Absolute Multiturn Encoders Company Information
Table 136. Sensata Technologies Absolute Multiturn Encoders Specification and Application
Table 137. Sensata Technologies Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 138. Sensata Technologies Main Business and Markets Served
Table 139. Sensata Technologies Recent Developments/Updates
Table 140. Elco Industrie Automation Absolute Multiturn Encoders Company Information
Table 141. Elco Industrie Automation Absolute Multiturn Encoders Specification and Application
Table 142. Elco Industrie Automation Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 143. Elco Industrie Automation Main Business and Markets Served
Table 144. Elco Industrie Automation Recent Developments/Updates
Table 145. SIKO Absolute Multiturn Encoders Company Information
Table 146. SIKO Absolute Multiturn Encoders Specification and Application
Table 147. SIKO Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 148. SIKO Main Business and Markets Served
Table 149. SIKO Recent Developments/Updates
Table 150. TWK Electronic Absolute Multiturn Encoders Company Information
Table 151. TWK Electronic Absolute Multiturn Encoders Specification and Application
Table 152. TWK Electronic Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 153. TWK Electronic Main Business and Markets Served
Table 154. TWK Electronic Recent Developments/Updates
Table 155. Rockwell Automation Absolute Multiturn Encoders Company Information
Table 156. Rockwell Automation Absolute Multiturn Encoders Specification and Application
Table 157. Rockwell Automation Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 158. Rockwell Automation Main Business and Markets Served
Table 159. Rockwell Automation Recent Developments/Updates
Table 160. Turck Absolute Multiturn Encoders Company Information
Table 161. Turck Absolute Multiturn Encoders Specification and Application
Table 162. Turck Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 163. Turck Main Business and Markets Served
Table 164. Turck Recent Developments/Updates
Table 165. JVL Absolute Multiturn Encoders Company Information
Table 166. JVL Absolute Multiturn Encoders Specification and Application
Table 167. JVL Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 168. JVL Main Business and Markets Served
Table 169. JVL Recent Developments/Updates
Table 170. SICK Absolute Multiturn Encoders Company Information
Table 171. SICK Absolute Multiturn Encoders Specification and Application
Table 172. SICK Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 173. SICK Main Business and Markets Served
Table 174. SICK Recent Developments/Updates
Table 175. Eltra Spa Absolute Multiturn Encoders Company Information
Table 176. Eltra Spa Absolute Multiturn Encoders Specification and Application
Table 177. Eltra Spa Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 178. Eltra Spa Main Business and Markets Served
Table 179. Eltra Spa Recent Developments/Updates
Table 180. Nikon Absolute Multiturn Encoders Company Information
Table 181. Nikon Absolute Multiturn Encoders Specification and Application
Table 182. Nikon Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 183. Nikon Main Business and Markets Served
Table 184. Nikon Recent Developments/Updates
Table 185. Hohner Automation Absolute Multiturn Encoders Company Information
Table 186. Hohner Automation Absolute Multiturn Encoders Specification and Application
Table 187. Hohner Automation Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 188. Hohner Automation Main Business and Markets Served
Table 189. Hohner Automation Recent Developments/Updates
Table 190. Idencoder Absolute Multiturn Encoders Company Information
Table 191. Idencoder Absolute Multiturn Encoders Specification and Application
Table 192. Idencoder Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 193. Idencoder Main Business and Markets Served
Table 194. Idencoder Recent Developments/Updates
Table 195. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 196. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 197. Absolute Multiturn Encoders Distributors List
Table 198. Absolute Multiturn Encoders Customers List
Table 199. Absolute Multiturn Encoders Market Trends
Table 200. Absolute Multiturn Encoders Market Drivers
Table 201. Absolute Multiturn Encoders Market Challenges
Table 202. Absolute Multiturn Encoders Market Restraints
Table 203. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 204. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 205. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 206. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Absolute Multiturn Encoders
Figure 2. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Market Value by Type (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 3. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Market Share by Type: 2025 vs 2032
Figure 4. Geared Absolute Multi-Turn Encoder Product Picture
Figure 5. Wiegand Sensor Absolute Multi-Turn Encoder Product Picture
Figure 6. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Market Value by Application (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 7. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Market Share by Application: 2025 vs 2032
Figure 8. Robot Joints
Figure 9. Servo Motors
Figure 10. Wind Turbine
Figure 11. Cranes
Figure 12. Others
Figure 13. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production Value (US$ Million), 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Figure 14. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production Value (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 15. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production Capacity (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 16. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 17. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Average Price (US$/Unit), 2021–2032
Figure 18. Absolute Multiturn Encoders Report Years Considered
Figure 19. Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production Share by Manufacturers in 2025
Figure 20. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2025)
Figure 21. Absolute Multiturn Encoders Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2021 vs 2025
Figure 22. Top 5 and Top 10 Global Players: Market Share by Absolute Multiturn Encoders Revenue in 2025
Figure 23. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production Value by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (US$ Million)
Figure 24. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production Value Market Share by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Figure 25. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production Comparison by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (K Units)
Figure 26. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production Market Share by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Figure 27. North America Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2021–2032)
Figure 28. Europe Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2021–2032)
Figure 29. China Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2021–2032)
Figure 30. Japan Absolute Multiturn Encoders Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2021–2032)
Figure 31. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Consumption by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (K Units)
Figure 32. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Consumption Market Share by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Figure 33. North America Absolute Multiturn Encoders Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 34. North America Absolute Multiturn Encoders Consumption Market Share by Country (2021–2032)
Figure 35. U.S. Absolute Multiturn Encoders Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 36. Canada Absolute Multiturn Encoders Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 37. Europe Absolute Multiturn Encoders Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 38. Europe Absolute Multiturn Encoders Consumption Market Share by Country (2021–2032)
Figure 39. Germany Absolute Multiturn Encoders Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 40. France Absolute Multiturn Encoders Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 41. U.K. Absolute Multiturn Encoders Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 42. Italy Absolute Multiturn Encoders Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 43. Russia Absolute Multiturn Encoders Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 44. Asia Pacific Absolute Multiturn Encoders Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 45. Asia Pacific Absolute Multiturn Encoders Consumption Market Share by Region (2021–2032)
Figure 46. China Absolute Multiturn Encoders Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 47. Japan Absolute Multiturn Encoders Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 48. South Korea Absolute Multiturn Encoders Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 49. China Taiwan Absolute Multiturn Encoders Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 50. Southeast Asia Absolute Multiturn Encoders Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 51. India Absolute Multiturn Encoders Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 52. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Absolute Multiturn Encoders Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 53. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Absolute Multiturn Encoders Consumption Market Share by Country (2021–2032)
Figure 54. Mexico Absolute Multiturn Encoders Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 55. Brazil Absolute Multiturn Encoders Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 56. Turkey Absolute Multiturn Encoders Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 57. GCC Countries Absolute Multiturn Encoders Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 58. Global Production Market Share of Absolute Multiturn Encoders by Type (2021–2032)
Figure 59. Global Production Value Market Share of Absolute Multiturn Encoders by Type (2021–2032)
Figure 60. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2021–2032)
Figure 61. Global Production Market Share of Absolute Multiturn Encoders by Application (2021–2032)
Figure 62. Global Production Value Market Share of Absolute Multiturn Encoders by Application (2021–2032)
Figure 63. Global Absolute Multiturn Encoders Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2021–2032)
Figure 64. Absolute Multiturn Encoders Value Chain
Figure 65. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 66. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 67. Data Triangulation
