List of Tables
Table 1. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 2. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 3. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production Capacity (Tons) by Manufacturers in 2024
Table 4. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 5. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 6. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production Value by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 8. Global Key Players of Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet, Industry Ranking, 2023 VS 2024
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Production Value in Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet as of 2024)
Table 10. Global Market Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/Ton) & (2020-2025)
Table 11. Global Key Manufacturers of Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet, Product Offered and Application
Table 13. Global Key Manufacturers of Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet, Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 14. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 15. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 16. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 17. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 18. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production Value Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 19. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 20. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 21. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 22. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production (Tons) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 23. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 24. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production (Tons) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 25. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 26. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Market Average Price (US$/Ton) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 27. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Market Average Price (US$/Ton) by Region (2026-2031)
Table 28. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 29. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 30. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 31. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Forecasted Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 32. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2026-2031)
Table 33. North America Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 34. North America Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 35. North America Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 36. Europe Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 37. Europe Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 38. Europe Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 39. Asia Pacific Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 41. Asia Pacific Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 44. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 45. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production (Tons) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 46. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production (Tons) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 47. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 48. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 49. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 50. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 51. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production Value Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 52. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production Value Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 53. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 54. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 55. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production (Tons) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 56. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production (Tons) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 57. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 58. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 59. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 60. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 61. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production Value Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 62. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production Value Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 63. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 64. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 65. NeoGraf Solutions Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Company Information
Table 66. NeoGraf Solutions Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Specification and Application
Table 67. NeoGraf Solutions Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 68. NeoGraf Solutions Main Business and Markets Served
Table 69. NeoGraf Solutions Recent Developments/Updates
Table 70. Kaneka Corporation Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Company Information
Table 71. Kaneka Corporation Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Specification and Application
Table 72. Kaneka Corporation Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 73. Kaneka Corporation Main Business and Markets Served
Table 74. Kaneka Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
Table 75. Panasonic Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Company Information
Table 76. Panasonic Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Specification and Application
Table 77. Panasonic Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 78. Panasonic Main Business and Markets Served
Table 79. Panasonic Recent Developments/Updates
Table 80. Jones Tech Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Company Information
Table 81. Jones Tech Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Specification and Application
Table 82. Jones Tech Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 83. Jones Tech Main Business and Markets Served
Table 84. Jones Tech Recent Developments/Updates
Table 85. Changzhou Fuxi Technology Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Company Information
Table 86. Changzhou Fuxi Technology Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Specification and Application
Table 87. Changzhou Fuxi Technology Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 88. Changzhou Fuxi Technology Main Business and Markets Served
Table 89. Changzhou Fuxi Technology Recent Developments/Updates
Table 90. Stoneplus Thermal Management Technologies Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Company Information
Table 91. Stoneplus Thermal Management Technologies Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Specification and Application
Table 92. Stoneplus Thermal Management Technologies Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 93. Stoneplus Thermal Management Technologies Main Business and Markets Served
Table 94. Stoneplus Thermal Management Technologies Recent Developments/Updates
Table 95. Tanyuan Technology Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Company Information
Table 96. Tanyuan Technology Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Specification and Application
Table 97. Tanyuan Technology Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 98. Tanyuan Technology Main Business and Markets Served
Table 99. Tanyuan Technology Recent Developments/Updates
Table 100. Suzhou Dasen Electronics Material Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Company Information
Table 101. Suzhou Dasen Electronics Material Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Specification and Application
Table 102. Suzhou Dasen Electronics Material Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 103. Suzhou Dasen Electronics Material Main Business and Markets Served
Table 104. Suzhou Dasen Electronics Material Recent Developments/Updates
Table 105. Lodestar Technology Co., Ltd. Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Company Information
Table 106. Lodestar Technology Co., Ltd. Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Specification and Application
Table 107. Lodestar Technology Co., Ltd. Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 108. Lodestar Technology Co., Ltd. Main Business and Markets Served
Table 109. Lodestar Technology Co., Ltd. Recent Developments/Updates
Table 110. Jiaxing Zhongyi Carbon Technology Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Company Information
Table 111. Jiaxing Zhongyi Carbon Technology Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Specification and Application
Table 112. Jiaxing Zhongyi Carbon Technology Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 113. Jiaxing Zhongyi Carbon Technology Main Business and Markets Served
Table 114. Jiaxing Zhongyi Carbon Technology Recent Developments/Updates
Table 115. Suzhou Sidike New Materials Science and Technology Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Company Information
Table 116. Suzhou Sidike New Materials Science and Technology Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Specification and Application
Table 117. Suzhou Sidike New Materials Science and Technology Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 118. Suzhou Sidike New Materials Science and Technology Main Business and Markets Served
Table 119. Suzhou Sidike New Materials Science and Technology Recent Developments/Updates
Table 120. Xinlun New Materials Co., Ltd. Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Company Information
Table 121. Xinlun New Materials Co., Ltd. Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Specification and Application
Table 122. Xinlun New Materials Co., Ltd. Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 123. Xinlun New Materials Co., Ltd. Main Business and Markets Served
Table 124. Xinlun New Materials Co., Ltd. Recent Developments/Updates
Table 125. Nanoshel Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Company Information
Table 126. Nanoshel Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Specification and Application
Table 127. Nanoshel Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 128. Nanoshel Main Business and Markets Served
Table 129. Nanoshel Recent Developments/Updates
Table 130. Zhuzhou Chenxin Induction Equipment Co., Ltd. Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Company Information
Table 131. Zhuzhou Chenxin Induction Equipment Co., Ltd. Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Specification and Application
Table 132. Zhuzhou Chenxin Induction Equipment Co., Ltd. Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 133. Zhuzhou Chenxin Induction Equipment Co., Ltd. Main Business and Markets Served
Table 134. Zhuzhou Chenxin Induction Equipment Co., Ltd. Recent Developments/Updates
Table 135. HPMS Graphite Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Company Information
Table 136. HPMS Graphite Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Specification and Application
Table 137. HPMS Graphite Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 138. HPMS Graphite Main Business and Markets Served
Table 139. HPMS Graphite Recent Developments/Updates
Table 140. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 141. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 142. Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Distributors List
Table 143. Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Customers List
Table 144. Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Market Trends
Table 145. Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Market Drivers
Table 146. Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Market Challenges
Table 147. Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Market Restraints
Table 148. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 149. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 150. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 151. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet
Figure 2. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 3. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Market Share by Type: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 4. 0.07 mm Product Picture
Figure 5. 0.025 mm Product Picture
Figure 6. 0.10 mm Product Picture
Figure 7. Others Product Picture
Figure 8. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 9. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Market Share by Application: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 10. Smart Phone
Figure 11. Flat Panel Displays
Figure 12. LED Lighting
Figure 13. Others
Figure 14. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production Value (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 15. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production Value (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 16. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production Capacity (Tons) & (2020-2031)
Figure 17. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production (Tons) & (2020-2031)
Figure 18. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Average Price (US$/Ton) & (2020-2031)
Figure 19. Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Report Years Considered
Figure 20. Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production Share by Manufacturers in 2024
Figure 21. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2024)
Figure 22. Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2020 VS 2024
Figure 23. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Revenue in 2024
Figure 24. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 25. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production Value Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 26. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Figure 27. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 28. North America Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 29. Europe Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 30. China Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 31. Japan Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 32. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Consumption by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Figure 33. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Consumption Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 34. North America Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 35. North America Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 36. U.S. Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 37. Canada Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 38. Europe Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 39. Europe Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 40. Germany Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 41. France Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 42. U.K. Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 43. Italy Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 44. Russia Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 45. Asia Pacific Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 46. Asia Pacific Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 47. China Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 48. Japan Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 49. South Korea Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 50. China Taiwan Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 51. Southeast Asia Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 52. India Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 53. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 54. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 55. Mexico Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 56. Brazil Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 57. Turkey Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 58. GCC Countries Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 59. Global Production Market Share of Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 60. Global Production Value Market Share of Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 61. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 62. Global Production Market Share of Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 63. Global Production Value Market Share of Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 64. Global Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 65. Synthetic Thermally Conductive Graphite Sheet Value Chain
Figure 66. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 67. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 68. Data Triangulation
