List of Tables
Table 1. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 2. Major Manufacturers of Single Vitamin Gummies
Table 3. Major Manufacturers of Multivitamin Gummies
Table 4. Major Manufacturers of Probiotic Vitamin Gummies
Table 5. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 6. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue by Region (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 8. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue by Region (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 9. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 10. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue Market Share by Region (2025-2030)
Table 11. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 12. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales by Region (2019-2024) & (K MT)
Table 13. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales by Region (2025-2030) & (K MT)
Table 14. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 15. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales Market Share by Region (2025-2030)
Table 16. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales by Manufacturers (2019-2024) & (K MT)
Table 17. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 18. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue by Manufacturers (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 19. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 20. Global Key Players of Adult Vitamin Gummies, Industry Ranking, 2022 VS 2023 VS 2024
Table 21. Adult Vitamin Gummies Price by Manufacturers 2019-2024 (USD/MT)
Table 22. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 23. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Adult Vitamin Gummies as of 2023)
Table 24. Global Key Manufacturers of Adult Vitamin Gummies, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table 25. Global Key Manufacturers of Adult Vitamin Gummies, Product Offered and Application
Table 26. Global Key Manufacturers of Adult Vitamin Gummies, Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 27. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 28. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales by Type (2019-2024) & (K MT)
Table 29. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales by Type (2025-2030) & (K MT)
Table 30. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 31. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales Share by Type (2025-2030)
Table 32. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue by Type (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 33. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue by Type (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 34. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 35. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue Share by Type (2025-2030)
Table 36. Adult Vitamin Gummies Price by Type (2019-2024) & (USD/MT)
Table 37. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Price Forecast by Type (2025-2030) & (USD/MT)
Table 38. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales by Application (2019-2024) & (K MT)
Table 39. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales by Application (2025-2030) & (K MT)
Table 40. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 41. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 42. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue by Application (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 43. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue by Application (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 44. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 45. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 46. Adult Vitamin Gummies Price by Application (2019-2024) & (USD/MT)
Table 47. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Price Forecast by Application (2025-2030) & (USD/MT)
Table 48. US & Canada Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales by Type (2019-2024) & (K MT)
Table 49. US & Canada Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales by Type (2025-2030) & (K MT)
Table 50. US & Canada Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue by Type (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 51. US & Canada Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue by Type (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 52. US & Canada Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales by Application (2019-2024) & (K MT)
Table 53. US & Canada Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales by Application (2025-2030) & (K MT)
Table 54. US & Canada Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue by Application (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 55. US & Canada Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue by Application (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 56. US & Canada Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 57. US & Canada Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue by Country (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 58. US & Canada Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue by Country (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 59. US & Canada Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales by Country (2019-2024) & (K MT)
Table 60. US & Canada Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales by Country (2025-2030) & (K MT)
Table 61. Europe Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales by Type (2019-2024) & (K MT)
Table 62. Europe Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales by Type (2025-2030) & (K MT)
Table 63. Europe Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue by Type (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 64. Europe Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue by Type (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 65. Europe Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales by Application (2019-2024) & (K MT)
Table 66. Europe Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales by Application (2025-2030) & (K MT)
Table 67. Europe Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue by Application (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 68. Europe Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue by Application (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 69. Europe Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 70. Europe Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue by Country (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 71. Europe Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue by Country (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 72. Europe Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales by Country (2019-2024) & (K MT)
Table 73. Europe Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales by Country (2025-2030) & (K MT)
Table 74. China Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales by Type (2019-2024) & (K MT)
Table 75. China Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales by Type (2025-2030) & (K MT)
Table 76. China Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue by Type (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 77. China Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue by Type (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 78. China Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales by Application (2019-2024) & (K MT)
Table 79. China Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales by Application (2025-2030) & (K MT)
Table 80. China Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue by Application (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 81. China Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue by Application (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 82. Asia Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales by Type (2019-2024) & (K MT)
Table 83. Asia Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales by Type (2025-2030) & (K MT)
Table 84. Asia Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue by Type (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 85. Asia Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue by Type (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 86. Asia Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales by Application (2019-2024) & (K MT)
Table 87. Asia Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales by Application (2025-2030) & (K MT)
Table 88. Asia Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue by Application (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 89. Asia Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue by Application (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 90. Asia Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 91. Asia Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue by Region (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 92. Asia Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue by Region (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 93. Asia Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales by Region (2019-2024) & (K MT)
Table 94. Asia Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales by Region (2025-2030) & (K MT)
Table 95. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales by Type (2019-2024) & (K MT)
Table 96. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales by Type (2025-2030) & (K MT)
Table 97. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue by Type (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 98. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue by Type (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 99. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales by Application (2019-2024) & (K MT)
Table 100. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales by Application (2025-2030) & (K MT)
Table 101. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue by Application (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 102. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue by Application (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 103. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 104. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue by Country (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 105. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue by Country (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 106. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales by Country (2019-2024) & (K MT)
Table 107. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales by Country (2025-2030) & (K MT)
Table 108. Pfizer Company Information
Table 109. Pfizer Description and Major Businesses
Table 110. Pfizer Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 111. Pfizer Adult Vitamin Gummies Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 112. Pfizer Recent Developments
Table 113. Bayer Company Information
Table 114. Bayer Description and Major Businesses
Table 115. Bayer Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 116. Bayer Adult Vitamin Gummies Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 117. Bayer Recent Developments
Table 118. AMWAY Company Information
Table 119. AMWAY Description and Major Businesses
Table 120. AMWAY Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 121. AMWAY Adult Vitamin Gummies Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 122. AMWAY Recent Developments
Table 123. Lonza Company Information
Table 124. Lonza Description and Major Businesses
Table 125. Lonza Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 126. Lonza Adult Vitamin Gummies Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 127. Lonza Recent Developments
Table 128. Pharmavite Company Information
Table 129. Pharmavite Description and Major Businesses
Table 130. Pharmavite Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 131. Pharmavite Adult Vitamin Gummies Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 132. Pharmavite Recent Developments
Table 133. Zanon Vitamec Company Information
Table 134. Zanon Vitamec Description and Major Businesses
Table 135. Zanon Vitamec Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 136. Zanon Vitamec Adult Vitamin Gummies Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 137. Zanon Vitamec Recent Developments
Table 138. Santa Cruz Nutritionals Company Information
Table 139. Santa Cruz Nutritionals Description and Major Businesses
Table 140. Santa Cruz Nutritionals Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 141. Santa Cruz Nutritionals Adult Vitamin Gummies Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 142. Santa Cruz Nutritionals Recent Developments
Table 143. Gemini Pharmaceuticals Company Information
Table 144. Gemini Pharmaceuticals Description and Major Businesses
Table 145. Gemini Pharmaceuticals Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 146. Gemini Pharmaceuticals Adult Vitamin Gummies Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 147. Gemini Pharmaceuticals Recent Developments
Table 148. Nature's Bounty (NBTY) Company Information
Table 149. Nature's Bounty (NBTY) Description and Major Businesses
Table 150. Nature's Bounty (NBTY) Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 151. Nature's Bounty (NBTY) Adult Vitamin Gummies Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 152. Nature's Bounty (NBTY) Recent Developments
Table 153. Nutra Solutions Company Information
Table 154. Nutra Solutions Description and Major Businesses
Table 155. Nutra Solutions Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 156. Nutra Solutions Adult Vitamin Gummies Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 157. Nutra Solutions Recent Developments
Table 158. Church & Dwight Company Information
Table 159. Church & Dwight Description and Major Businesses
Table 160. Church & Dwight Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 161. Church & Dwight Adult Vitamin Gummies Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 162. Church & Dwight Recent Developments
Table 163. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 164. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 165. Adult Vitamin Gummies Distributors List
Table 166. Adult Vitamin Gummies Customers List
Table 167. Adult Vitamin Gummies Market Trends
Table 168. Adult Vitamin Gummies Market Drivers
Table 169. Adult Vitamin Gummies Market Challenges
Table 170. Adult Vitamin Gummies Market Restraints
Table 171. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 172. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 173. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Adult Vitamin Gummies Product Picture
Figure 2. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 3. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Market Share by Type in 2023 & 2030
Figure 4. Single Vitamin Gummies Product Picture
Figure 5. Multivitamin Gummies Product Picture
Figure 6. Probiotic Vitamin Gummies Product Picture
Figure 7. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 8. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Market Share by Application in 2023 & 2030
Figure 9. Online Sales
Figure 10. Offline Sales
Figure 11. Adult Vitamin Gummies Report Years Considered
Figure 12. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue, (US$ Million), 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 13. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue 2019-2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 14. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue Market Share by Region in Percentage: 2023 Versus 2030
Figure 15. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue Market Share by Region (2019-2030)
Figure 16. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales 2019-2030 ((K MT)
Figure 17. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales Market Share by Region (2019-2030)
Figure 18. US & Canada Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales YoY (2019-2030) & (K MT)
Figure 19. US & Canada Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue YoY (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 20. Europe Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales YoY (2019-2030) & (K MT)
Figure 21. Europe Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue YoY (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 22. China Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales YoY (2019-2030) & (K MT)
Figure 23. China Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue YoY (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 24. Asia (excluding China) Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales YoY (2019-2030) & (K MT)
Figure 25. Asia (excluding China) Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue YoY (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 26. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales YoY (2019-2030) & (K MT)
Figure 27. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue YoY (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 28. The Adult Vitamin Gummies Market Share of Top 10 and Top 5 Largest Manufacturers Around the World in 2023
Figure 29. The Top 5 and 10 Largest Manufacturers of Adult Vitamin Gummies in the World: Market Share by Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue in 2023
Figure 30. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2019 VS 2023
Figure 31. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 32. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 33. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 34. Global Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 35. US & Canada Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 36. US & Canada Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 37. US & Canada Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 38. US & Canada Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 39. US & Canada Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 40. US & Canada Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 41. U.S. Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 42. Canada Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 43. Europe Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 44. Europe Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 45. Europe Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 46. Europe Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 47. Europe Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 48. Europe Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 49. Germany Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 50. France Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 51. U.K. Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 52. Italy Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 53. Russia Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 54. China Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 55. China Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 56. China Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 57. China Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 58. Asia Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 59. Asia Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 60. Asia Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 61. Asia Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 62. Asia Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue Share by Region (2019-2030)
Figure 63. Asia Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales Share by Region (2019-2030)
Figure 64. Japan Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 65. South Korea Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 66. China Taiwan Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 67. Southeast Asia Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 68. India Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 69. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 70. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 71. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 72. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 73. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 74. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Adult Vitamin Gummies Sales Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 75. Brazil Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 76. Mexico Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 77. Turkey Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 78. Israel Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 79. GCC Countries Adult Vitamin Gummies Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 80. Adult Vitamin Gummies Value Chain
Figure 81. Adult Vitamin Gummies Production Process
Figure 82. Channels of Distribution
Figure 83. Distributors Profiles
Figure 84. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 85. Data Triangulation
Figure 86. Key Executives Interviewed