List of Tables
Table 1. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 2. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Market Value by Wheel Diameter, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 3. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Market Value by Motor Power, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 4. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 5. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production Capacity (Units) by Manufacturers in 2024
Table 6. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 7. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 8. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production Value by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 9. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 10. Global Key Players of Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW), Industry Ranking, 2023 VS 2024
Table 11. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Production Value in Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) as of 2024)
Table 12. Global Market Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/Unit) & (2020-2025)
Table 13. Global Key Manufacturers of Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW), Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table 14. Global Key Manufacturers of Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW), Product Offered and Application
Table 15. Global Key Manufacturers of Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW), Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 16. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 17. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 18. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 19. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 20. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production Value Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 21. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 22. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 23. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Table 24. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production (Units) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 25. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 26. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production (Units) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 27. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 28. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 29. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2026-2031)
Table 30. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Table 31. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 32. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 33. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Forecasted Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 34. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2026-2031)
Table 35. North America Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Table 36. North America Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 37. North America Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 38. Europe Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Table 39. Europe Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 40. Europe Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 41. Asia Pacific Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Table 42. Asia Pacific Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 43. Asia Pacific Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 44. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Table 45. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 46. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 47. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production (Units) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 48. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production (Units) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 49. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 50. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 51. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 52. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 53. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production Value Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 54. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production Value Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 55. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 56. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 57. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production (Units) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 58. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production (Units) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 59. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 60. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 61. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 62. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 63. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production Value Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 64. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production Value Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 65. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 66. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 67. Rocket Lab Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Company Information
Table 68. Rocket Lab Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Specification and Application
Table 69. Rocket Lab Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 70. Rocket Lab Main Business and Markets Served
Table 71. Rocket Lab Recent Developments/Updates
Table 72. Honeywell Aerospace Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Company Information
Table 73. Honeywell Aerospace Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Specification and Application
Table 74. Honeywell Aerospace Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 75. Honeywell Aerospace Main Business and Markets Served
Table 76. Honeywell Aerospace Recent Developments/Updates
Table 77. Hunan Lonyare Technology Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Company Information
Table 78. Hunan Lonyare Technology Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Specification and Application
Table 79. Hunan Lonyare Technology Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 80. Hunan Lonyare Technology Main Business and Markets Served
Table 81. Hunan Lonyare Technology Recent Developments/Updates
Table 82. VECTRONIC Aerospace Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Company Information
Table 83. VECTRONIC Aerospace Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Specification and Application
Table 84. VECTRONIC Aerospace Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 85. VECTRONIC Aerospace Main Business and Markets Served
Table 86. VECTRONIC Aerospace Recent Developments/Updates
Table 87. Shinano Kenshi Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Company Information
Table 88. Shinano Kenshi Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Specification and Application
Table 89. Shinano Kenshi Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 90. Shinano Kenshi Main Business and Markets Served
Table 91. Shinano Kenshi Recent Developments/Updates
Table 92. AAC Clyde Space Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Company Information
Table 93. AAC Clyde Space Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Specification and Application
Table 94. AAC Clyde Space Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 95. AAC Clyde Space Main Business and Markets Served
Table 96. AAC Clyde Space Recent Developments/Updates
Table 97. Berlin Space Technologies Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Company Information
Table 98. Berlin Space Technologies Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Specification and Application
Table 99. Berlin Space Technologies Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 100. Berlin Space Technologies Main Business and Markets Served
Table 101. Berlin Space Technologies Recent Developments/Updates
Table 102. Astrofein Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Company Information
Table 103. Astrofein Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Specification and Application
Table 104. Astrofein Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 105. Astrofein Main Business and Markets Served
Table 106. Astrofein Recent Developments/Updates
Table 107. NanoAvionics Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Company Information
Table 108. NanoAvionics Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Specification and Application
Table 109. NanoAvionics Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 110. NanoAvionics Main Business and Markets Served
Table 111. NanoAvionics Recent Developments/Updates
Table 112. Comat Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Company Information
Table 113. Comat Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Specification and Application
Table 114. Comat Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 115. Comat Main Business and Markets Served
Table 116. Comat Recent Developments/Updates
Table 117. SPUTNIX Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Company Information
Table 118. SPUTNIX Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Specification and Application
Table 119. SPUTNIX Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 120. SPUTNIX Main Business and Markets Served
Table 121. SPUTNIX Recent Developments/Updates
Table 122. Serenum Space Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Company Information
Table 123. Serenum Space Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Specification and Application
Table 124. Serenum Space Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 125. Serenum Space Main Business and Markets Served
Table 126. Serenum Space Recent Developments/Updates
Table 127. CubeSpace Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Company Information
Table 128. CubeSpace Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Specification and Application
Table 129. CubeSpace Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 130. CubeSpace Main Business and Markets Served
Table 131. CubeSpace Recent Developments/Updates
Table 132. Blue Canyon Technologies Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Company Information
Table 133. Blue Canyon Technologies Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Specification and Application
Table 134. Blue Canyon Technologies Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 135. Blue Canyon Technologies Main Business and Markets Served
Table 136. Blue Canyon Technologies Recent Developments/Updates
Table 137. Beijing Minospace Technology Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Company Information
Table 138. Beijing Minospace Technology Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Specification and Application
Table 139. Beijing Minospace Technology Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 140. Beijing Minospace Technology Main Business and Markets Served
Table 141. Beijing Minospace Technology Recent Developments/Updates
Table 142. Hunan Hangsheng Satellite Technology Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Company Information
Table 143. Hunan Hangsheng Satellite Technology Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Specification and Application
Table 144. Hunan Hangsheng Satellite Technology Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 145. Hunan Hangsheng Satellite Technology Main Business and Markets Served
Table 146. Hunan Hangsheng Satellite Technology Recent Developments/Updates
Table 147. Sunhightech Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Company Information
Table 148. Sunhightech Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Specification and Application
Table 149. Sunhightech Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 150. Sunhightech Main Business and Markets Served
Table 151. Sunhightech Recent Developments/Updates
Table 152. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 153. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 154. Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Distributors List
Table 155. Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Customers List
Table 156. Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Market Trends
Table 157. Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Market Drivers
Table 158. Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Market Challenges
Table 159. Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Market Restraints
Table 160. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 161. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 162. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 163. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW)
Figure 2. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 3. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Market Share by Type: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 4. Less than 1Nms Product Picture
Figure 5. 1-5Nms Product Picture
Figure 6. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Market Value by Wheel Diameter, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 7. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Market Share by Wheel Diameter: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 8. Wheel Diameter 5-10cm Product Picture
Figure 9. Wheel Diameter 10-20cm Product Picture
Figure 10. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Market Value by Motor Power, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 11. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Market Share by Motor Power: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 12. Motor Power 10-30W Product Picture
Figure 13. Motor Power 30-100W Product Picture
Figure 14. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 15. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Market Share by Application: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 16. Military
Figure 17. Civilian
Figure 18. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production Value (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 19. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production Value (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 20. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production Capacity (Units) & (2020-2031)
Figure 21. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production (Units) & (2020-2031)
Figure 22. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Average Price (US$/Unit) & (2020-2031)
Figure 23. Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Report Years Considered
Figure 24. Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production Share by Manufacturers in 2024
Figure 25. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2024)
Figure 26. Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2020 VS 2024
Figure 27. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Revenue in 2024
Figure 28. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 29. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production Value Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 30. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Figure 31. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 32. North America Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 33. Europe Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 34. China Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 35. Japan Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 36. South Korea Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 37. India Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 38. Mexico Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 39. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Consumption by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Figure 40. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Consumption Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 41. North America Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 42. North America Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 43. U.S. Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 44. Canada Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 45. Europe Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 46. Europe Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 47. Germany Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 48. France Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 49. U.K. Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 50. Italy Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 51. Netherlands Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 52. Asia Pacific Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 53. Asia Pacific Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 54. China Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 55. Japan Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 56. South Korea Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 57. China Taiwan Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 58. Southeast Asia Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 59. India Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 60. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 61. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 62. Mexico Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 63. Brazil Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 64. Turkey Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 65. GCC Countries Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 66. Global Production Market Share of Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 67. Global Production Value Market Share of Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 68. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 69. Global Production Market Share of Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 70. Global Production Value Market Share of Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 71. Global Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 72. Microsatellite Reaction Wheel(RW) Value Chain
Figure 73. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 74. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 75. Data Triangulation