List of Tables
Table 1. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 2. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Market Value by Melt Flow Index, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 3. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Market Value by Processing Method, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 4. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 5. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production Capacity (Tons) by Manufacturers in 2024
Table 6. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 7. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 8. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production Value by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 9. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 10. Global Key Players of Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile, Industry Ranking, 2023 VS 2024
Table 11. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Production Value in Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile as of 2024)
Table 12. Global Market Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/Ton) & (2020-2025)
Table 13. Global Key Manufacturers of Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table 14. Global Key Manufacturers of Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile, Product Offered and Application
Table 15. Global Key Manufacturers of Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile, Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 16. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 17. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 18. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 19. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 20. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production Value Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 21. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 22. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 23. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 24. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production (Tons) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 25. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 26. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production (Tons) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 27. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 28. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Market Average Price (US$/Ton) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 29. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Market Average Price (US$/Ton) by Region (2026-2031)
Table 30. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 31. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 32. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 33. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Forecasted Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 34. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2026-2031)
Table 35. North America Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 36. North America Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 37. North America Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 38. Europe Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 39. Europe Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 40. Europe Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 41. Asia Pacific Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 42. Asia Pacific Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 43. Asia Pacific Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 44. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 45. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 46. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 47. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production (Tons) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 48. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production (Tons) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 49. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 50. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 51. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 52. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 53. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production Value Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 54. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production Value Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 55. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 56. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 57. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production (Tons) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 58. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production (Tons) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 59. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 60. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 61. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 62. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 63. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production Value Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 64. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production Value Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 65. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 66. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 67. SABIC (Saudi Arabia) Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Company Information
Table 68. SABIC (Saudi Arabia) Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Specification and Application
Table 69. SABIC (Saudi Arabia) Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 70. SABIC (Saudi Arabia) Main Business and Markets Served
Table 71. SABIC (Saudi Arabia) Recent Developments/Updates
Table 72. INEOS (Germany) Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Company Information
Table 73. INEOS (Germany) Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Specification and Application
Table 74. INEOS (Germany) Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 75. INEOS (Germany) Main Business and Markets Served
Table 76. INEOS (Germany) Recent Developments/Updates
Table 77. LG Chem (South Korea) Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Company Information
Table 78. LG Chem (South Korea) Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Specification and Application
Table 79. LG Chem (South Korea) Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 80. LG Chem (South Korea) Main Business and Markets Served
Table 81. LG Chem (South Korea) Recent Developments/Updates
Table 82. BASF (Germany) Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Company Information
Table 83. BASF (Germany) Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Specification and Application
Table 84. BASF (Germany) Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 85. BASF (Germany) Main Business and Markets Served
Table 86. BASF (Germany) Recent Developments/Updates
Table 87. Trinseo (USA) Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Company Information
Table 88. Trinseo (USA) Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Specification and Application
Table 89. Trinseo (USA) Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 90. Trinseo (USA) Main Business and Markets Served
Table 91. Trinseo (USA) Recent Developments/Updates
Table 92. Chi Mei (Taiwan) Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Company Information
Table 93. Chi Mei (Taiwan) Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Specification and Application
Table 94. Chi Mei (Taiwan) Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 95. Chi Mei (Taiwan) Main Business and Markets Served
Table 96. Chi Mei (Taiwan) Recent Developments/Updates
Table 97. Formosa Plastics (Taiwan) Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Company Information
Table 98. Formosa Plastics (Taiwan) Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Specification and Application
Table 99. Formosa Plastics (Taiwan) Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 100. Formosa Plastics (Taiwan) Main Business and Markets Served
Table 101. Formosa Plastics (Taiwan) Recent Developments/Updates
Table 102. Asahi Kasei (Japan) Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Company Information
Table 103. Asahi Kasei (Japan) Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Specification and Application
Table 104. Asahi Kasei (Japan) Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 105. Asahi Kasei (Japan) Main Business and Markets Served
Table 106. Asahi Kasei (Japan) Recent Developments/Updates
Table 107. Toray Industries (Japan) Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Company Information
Table 108. Toray Industries (Japan) Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Specification and Application
Table 109. Toray Industries (Japan) Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 110. Toray Industries (Japan) Main Business and Markets Served
Table 111. Toray Industries (Japan) Recent Developments/Updates
Table 112. Kumho Petrochemical (South Korea) Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Company Information
Table 113. Kumho Petrochemical (South Korea) Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Specification and Application
Table 114. Kumho Petrochemical (South Korea) Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 115. Kumho Petrochemical (South Korea) Main Business and Markets Served
Table 116. Kumho Petrochemical (South Korea) Recent Developments/Updates
Table 117. Lotte Chemical (South Korea) Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Company Information
Table 118. Lotte Chemical (South Korea) Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Specification and Application
Table 119. Lotte Chemical (South Korea) Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 120. Lotte Chemical (South Korea) Main Business and Markets Served
Table 121. Lotte Chemical (South Korea) Recent Developments/Updates
Table 122. JSR Corporation (Japan) Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Company Information
Table 123. JSR Corporation (Japan) Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Specification and Application
Table 124. JSR Corporation (Japan) Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 125. JSR Corporation (Japan) Main Business and Markets Served
Table 126. JSR Corporation (Japan) Recent Developments/Updates
Table 127. Chevron Phillips (USA) Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Company Information
Table 128. Chevron Phillips (USA) Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Specification and Application
Table 129. Chevron Phillips (USA) Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 130. Chevron Phillips (USA) Main Business and Markets Served
Table 131. Chevron Phillips (USA) Recent Developments/Updates
Table 132. Styron (USA) Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Company Information
Table 133. Styron (USA) Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Specification and Application
Table 134. Styron (USA) Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 135. Styron (USA) Main Business and Markets Served
Table 136. Styron (USA) Recent Developments/Updates
Table 137. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 138. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 139. Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Distributors List
Table 140. Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Customers List
Table 141. Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Market Trends
Table 142. Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Market Drivers
Table 143. Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Market Challenges
Table 144. Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Market Restraints
Table 145. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 146. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 147. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 148. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile
Figure 2. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 3. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Market Share by Type: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 4. Low-olefin OMSAN (5–10%) Product Picture
Figure 5. Medium-olefin OMSAN (10–20%) Product Picture
Figure 6. High-olefin OMSAN (20–30%) Product Picture
Figure 7. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Market Value by Melt Flow Index, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 8. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Market Share by Melt Flow Index: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 9. Low-flow Grade (2–6 g/10 min) Product Picture
Figure 10. Medium-flow Grade (6–12 g/10 min) Product Picture
Figure 11. High-flow Grade (12–25 g/10 min) Product Picture
Figure 12. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Market Value by Processing Method, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 13. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Market Share by Processing Method: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 14. Injection-molding Grade Product Picture
Figure 15. Extrusion Grade Product Picture
Figure 16. Blow-molding Grade Product Picture
Figure 17. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 18. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Market Share by Application: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 19. Application One
Figure 20. Application Two
Figure 21. Application Three
Figure 22. Application Four
Figure 23. Application Five
Figure 24. Application Six
Figure 25. Application Seven
Figure 26. Application Eight
Figure 27. Application Nine
Figure 28. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production Value (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 29. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production Value (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 30. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production Capacity (Tons) & (2020-2031)
Figure 31. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production (Tons) & (2020-2031)
Figure 32. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Average Price (US$/Ton) & (2020-2031)
Figure 33. Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Report Years Considered
Figure 34. Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production Share by Manufacturers in 2024
Figure 35. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2024)
Figure 36. Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2020 VS 2024
Figure 37. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Revenue in 2024
Figure 38. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 39. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production Value Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 40. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Figure 41. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 42. North America Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 43. Europe Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 44. China Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 45. Japan Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 46. India Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 47. Southeast Asia Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 48. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Consumption by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Figure 49. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Consumption Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 50. North America Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 51. North America Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 52. U.S. Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 53. Canada Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 54. Europe Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 55. Europe Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 56. Germany Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 57. France Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 58. U.K. Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 59. Italy Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 60. Russia Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 61. Asia Pacific Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 62. Asia Pacific Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 63. China Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 64. Japan Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 65. South Korea Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 66. China Taiwan Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 67. Southeast Asia Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 68. India Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 69. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 70. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 71. Mexico Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 72. Brazil Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 73. Turkey Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 74. GCC Countries Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 75. Global Production Market Share of Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 76. Global Production Value Market Share of Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 77. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 78. Global Production Market Share of Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 79. Global Production Value Market Share of Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 80. Global Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 81. Olefin Modified Styrene Acrylonitrile Value Chain
Figure 82. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 83. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 84. Data Triangulation