List of Tables
Table 1. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 2. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 3. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production Capacity (Tons) by Manufacturers in 2024
Table 4. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 5. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 6. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production Value by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 8. Global Key Players of Effluent Treatment Chemicals, Industry Ranking, 2023 VS 2024
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Production Value in Effluent Treatment Chemicals as of 2024)
Table 10. Global Market Effluent Treatment Chemicals Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/Ton) & (2020-2025)
Table 11. Global Key Manufacturers of Effluent Treatment Chemicals, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of Effluent Treatment Chemicals, Product Offered and Application
Table 13. Global Key Manufacturers of Effluent Treatment Chemicals, Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 14. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 15. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 16. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 17. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 18. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production Value Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 19. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 20. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 21. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 22. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production (Tons) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 23. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 24. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production (Tons) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 25. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 26. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Market Average Price (US$/Ton) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 27. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Market Average Price (US$/Ton) by Region (2026-2031)
Table 28. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 29. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 30. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 31. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Forecasted Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 32. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2026-2031)
Table 33. North America Effluent Treatment Chemicals Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 34. North America Effluent Treatment Chemicals Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 35. North America Effluent Treatment Chemicals Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 36. Europe Effluent Treatment Chemicals Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 37. Europe Effluent Treatment Chemicals Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 38. Europe Effluent Treatment Chemicals Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 39. Asia Pacific Effluent Treatment Chemicals Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Effluent Treatment Chemicals Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 41. Asia Pacific Effluent Treatment Chemicals Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Effluent Treatment Chemicals Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Effluent Treatment Chemicals Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 44. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Effluent Treatment Chemicals Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 45. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production (Tons) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 46. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production (Tons) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 47. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 48. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 49. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 50. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 51. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production Value Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 52. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production Value Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 53. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 54. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 55. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production (Tons) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 56. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production (Tons) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 57. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 58. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 59. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 60. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 61. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production Value Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 62. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production Value Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 63. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 64. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 65. Dow Chemical Company Effluent Treatment Chemicals Company Information
Table 66. Dow Chemical Company Effluent Treatment Chemicals Specification and Application
Table 67. Dow Chemical Company Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 68. Dow Chemical Company Main Business and Markets Served
Table 69. Dow Chemical Company Recent Developments/Updates
Table 70. Kemira Effluent Treatment Chemicals Company Information
Table 71. Kemira Effluent Treatment Chemicals Specification and Application
Table 72. Kemira Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 73. Kemira Main Business and Markets Served
Table 74. Kemira Recent Developments/Updates
Table 75. DuPont Effluent Treatment Chemicals Company Information
Table 76. DuPont Effluent Treatment Chemicals Specification and Application
Table 77. DuPont Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 78. DuPont Main Business and Markets Served
Table 79. DuPont Recent Developments/Updates
Table 80. Arkema Effluent Treatment Chemicals Company Information
Table 81. Arkema Effluent Treatment Chemicals Specification and Application
Table 82. Arkema Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 83. Arkema Main Business and Markets Served
Table 84. Arkema Recent Developments/Updates
Table 85. BASF Effluent Treatment Chemicals Company Information
Table 86. BASF Effluent Treatment Chemicals Specification and Application
Table 87. BASF Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 88. BASF Main Business and Markets Served
Table 89. BASF Recent Developments/Updates
Table 90. Ecolab Effluent Treatment Chemicals Company Information
Table 91. Ecolab Effluent Treatment Chemicals Specification and Application
Table 92. Ecolab Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 93. Ecolab Main Business and Markets Served
Table 94. Ecolab Recent Developments/Updates
Table 95. SUEZ Effluent Treatment Chemicals Company Information
Table 96. SUEZ Effluent Treatment Chemicals Specification and Application
Table 97. SUEZ Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 98. SUEZ Main Business and Markets Served
Table 99. SUEZ Recent Developments/Updates
Table 100. SNF Group Effluent Treatment Chemicals Company Information
Table 101. SNF Group Effluent Treatment Chemicals Specification and Application
Table 102. SNF Group Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 103. SNF Group Main Business and Markets Served
Table 104. SNF Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 105. Ashland Corporation Effluent Treatment Chemicals Company Information
Table 106. Ashland Corporation Effluent Treatment Chemicals Specification and Application
Table 107. Ashland Corporation Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 108. Ashland Corporation Main Business and Markets Served
Table 109. Ashland Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
Table 110. Chemifloc Effluent Treatment Chemicals Company Information
Table 111. Chemifloc Effluent Treatment Chemicals Specification and Application
Table 112. Chemifloc Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 113. Chemifloc Main Business and Markets Served
Table 114. Chemifloc Recent Developments/Updates
Table 115. Kurita Effluent Treatment Chemicals Company Information
Table 116. Kurita Effluent Treatment Chemicals Specification and Application
Table 117. Kurita Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 118. Kurita Main Business and Markets Served
Table 119. Kurita Recent Developments/Updates
Table 120. Solenis Effluent Treatment Chemicals Company Information
Table 121. Solenis Effluent Treatment Chemicals Specification and Application
Table 122. Solenis Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 123. Solenis Main Business and Markets Served
Table 124. Solenis Recent Developments/Updates
Table 125. Albemarle Corporation Effluent Treatment Chemicals Company Information
Table 126. Albemarle Corporation Effluent Treatment Chemicals Specification and Application
Table 127. Albemarle Corporation Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 128. Albemarle Corporation Main Business and Markets Served
Table 129. Albemarle Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
Table 130. Chemtex Speciality Limited Effluent Treatment Chemicals Company Information
Table 131. Chemtex Speciality Limited Effluent Treatment Chemicals Specification and Application
Table 132. Chemtex Speciality Limited Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 133. Chemtex Speciality Limited Main Business and Markets Served
Table 134. Chemtex Speciality Limited Recent Developments/Updates
Table 135. AkzoNobel Effluent Treatment Chemicals Company Information
Table 136. AkzoNobel Effluent Treatment Chemicals Specification and Application
Table 137. AkzoNobel Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 138. AkzoNobel Main Business and Markets Served
Table 139. AkzoNobel Recent Developments/Updates
Table 140. ChemTreat Inc Effluent Treatment Chemicals Company Information
Table 141. ChemTreat Inc Effluent Treatment Chemicals Specification and Application
Table 142. ChemTreat Inc Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 143. ChemTreat Inc Main Business and Markets Served
Table 144. ChemTreat Inc Recent Developments/Updates
Table 145. Veolia Effluent Treatment Chemicals Company Information
Table 146. Veolia Effluent Treatment Chemicals Specification and Application
Table 147. Veolia Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 148. Veolia Main Business and Markets Served
Table 149. Veolia Recent Developments/Updates
Table 150. Solvay Effluent Treatment Chemicals Company Information
Table 151. Solvay Effluent Treatment Chemicals Specification and Application
Table 152. Solvay Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 153. Solvay Main Business and Markets Served
Table 154. Solvay Recent Developments/Updates
Table 155. Thermax Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Company Information
Table 156. Thermax Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Specification and Application
Table 157. Thermax Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 158. Thermax Global Main Business and Markets Served
Table 159. Thermax Global Recent Developments/Updates
Table 160. Feralco Effluent Treatment Chemicals Company Information
Table 161. Feralco Effluent Treatment Chemicals Specification and Application
Table 162. Feralco Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 163. Feralco Main Business and Markets Served
Table 164. Feralco Recent Developments/Updates
Table 165. B&V Chemicals Effluent Treatment Chemicals Company Information
Table 166. B&V Chemicals Effluent Treatment Chemicals Specification and Application
Table 167. B&V Chemicals Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 168. B&V Chemicals Main Business and Markets Served
Table 169. B&V Chemicals Recent Developments/Updates
Table 170. Universal Water Chemicals Pvt Ltd Effluent Treatment Chemicals Company Information
Table 171. Universal Water Chemicals Pvt Ltd Effluent Treatment Chemicals Specification and Application
Table 172. Universal Water Chemicals Pvt Ltd Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 173. Universal Water Chemicals Pvt Ltd Main Business and Markets Served
Table 174. Universal Water Chemicals Pvt Ltd Recent Developments/Updates
Table 175. Innova Priority Solutions Effluent Treatment Chemicals Company Information
Table 176. Innova Priority Solutions Effluent Treatment Chemicals Specification and Application
Table 177. Innova Priority Solutions Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 178. Innova Priority Solutions Main Business and Markets Served
Table 179. Innova Priority Solutions Recent Developments/Updates
Table 180. Angel Chemicals Private Limited Effluent Treatment Chemicals Company Information
Table 181. Angel Chemicals Private Limited Effluent Treatment Chemicals Specification and Application
Table 182. Angel Chemicals Private Limited Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 183. Angel Chemicals Private Limited Main Business and Markets Served
Table 184. Angel Chemicals Private Limited Recent Developments/Updates
Table 185. WaterEx Effluent Treatment Chemicals Company Information
Table 186. WaterEx Effluent Treatment Chemicals Specification and Application
Table 187. WaterEx Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 188. WaterEx Main Business and Markets Served
Table 189. WaterEx Recent Developments/Updates
Table 190. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 191. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 192. Effluent Treatment Chemicals Distributors List
Table 193. Effluent Treatment Chemicals Customers List
Table 194. Effluent Treatment Chemicals Market Trends
Table 195. Effluent Treatment Chemicals Market Drivers
Table 196. Effluent Treatment Chemicals Market Challenges
Table 197. Effluent Treatment Chemicals Market Restraints
Table 198. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 199. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 200. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 201. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Effluent Treatment Chemicals
Figure 2. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 3. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Market Share by Type: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 4. Biocides & Disinfectants Product Picture
Figure 5. Coagulants & Flocculants Product Picture
Figure 6. Corrosion Inhibitors Product Picture
Figure 7. Foam Control Product Picture
Figure 8. pH Stabilizers Product Picture
Figure 9. Scale Inhibitors Product Picture
Figure 10. Others Product Picture
Figure 11. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 12. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Market Share by Application: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 13. Municipal Water Treatment
Figure 14. Industrial Water Treatment
Figure 15. Others
Figure 16. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production Value (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 17. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production Value (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 18. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production Capacity (Tons) & (2020-2031)
Figure 19. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production (Tons) & (2020-2031)
Figure 20. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Average Price (US$/Ton) & (2020-2031)
Figure 21. Effluent Treatment Chemicals Report Years Considered
Figure 22. Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production Share by Manufacturers in 2024
Figure 23. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2024)
Figure 24. Effluent Treatment Chemicals Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2020 VS 2024
Figure 25. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Effluent Treatment Chemicals Revenue in 2024
Figure 26. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 27. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production Value Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 28. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Figure 29. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 30. North America Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 31. Europe Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 32. China Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 33. Japan Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 34. India Effluent Treatment Chemicals Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 35. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Consumption by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Figure 36. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Consumption Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 37. North America Effluent Treatment Chemicals Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 38. North America Effluent Treatment Chemicals Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 39. U.S. Effluent Treatment Chemicals Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 40. Canada Effluent Treatment Chemicals Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 41. Europe Effluent Treatment Chemicals Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 42. Europe Effluent Treatment Chemicals Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 43. Germany Effluent Treatment Chemicals Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 44. France Effluent Treatment Chemicals Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 45. U.K. Effluent Treatment Chemicals Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 46. Italy Effluent Treatment Chemicals Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 47. Russia Effluent Treatment Chemicals Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 48. Asia Pacific Effluent Treatment Chemicals Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 49. Asia Pacific Effluent Treatment Chemicals Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 50. China Effluent Treatment Chemicals Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 51. Japan Effluent Treatment Chemicals Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 52. South Korea Effluent Treatment Chemicals Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 53. China Taiwan Effluent Treatment Chemicals Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 54. Southeast Asia Effluent Treatment Chemicals Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 55. India Effluent Treatment Chemicals Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 56. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Effluent Treatment Chemicals Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 57. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Effluent Treatment Chemicals Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 58. Mexico Effluent Treatment Chemicals Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 59. Brazil Effluent Treatment Chemicals Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 60. Turkey Effluent Treatment Chemicals Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 61. GCC Countries Effluent Treatment Chemicals Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 62. Global Production Market Share of Effluent Treatment Chemicals by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 63. Global Production Value Market Share of Effluent Treatment Chemicals by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 64. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 65. Global Production Market Share of Effluent Treatment Chemicals by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 66. Global Production Value Market Share of Effluent Treatment Chemicals by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 67. Global Effluent Treatment Chemicals Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 68. Effluent Treatment Chemicals Value Chain
Figure 69. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 70. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 71. Data Triangulation
