List of Tables
Table 1. Global High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 2. Global High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 3. Global High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 4. Global High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Revenue by Region (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 5. Global High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Revenue by Region (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 6. Global High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 7. Global High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales by Region (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 8. Global High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales by Region (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 9. Emerging Market Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 10. Global High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Production Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 11. Global High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Production by Region (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 12. Global High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Production by Region (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 13. Global High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 14. Global High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 15. Global High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Revenue by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 16. Global High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 17. Global Key Manufacturers’Ranking Shift (2023 vs. 2024) (Based on Revenue)
Table 18. Global High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems by Manufacturer Tier (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems as of 2024)
Table 19. Global High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Average Gross Margin (%) by Manufacturer (2020 VS 2024)
Table 20. Global High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Average Selling Price (ASP) by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$/Unit)
Table 21. Key Manufacturers High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Manufacturing Base and Headquarters
Table 22. Global High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 23. Key Market Entrant/Exit (2020-2024) – Drivers & Impact Analysis
Table 24. Key Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans, R&D Investment
Table 25. Global High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales by Type (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 26. Global High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales by Type (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 27. Global High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Revenue by Type (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 28. Global High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Revenue by Type (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 29. Global High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems ASP by Type (2020-2031) & (US$/Unit)
Table 30. Technical Specifications by Key Product Type
Table 31. Global High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales by Application (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 32. Global High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales by Application (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 33. High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems High-Growth Sectors Demand CAGR (2024-2031)
Table 34. Global High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Revenue by Application (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 35. Global High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Revenue by Application (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 36. Global High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems ASP by Application (2020-2031) & (US$/Unit)
Table 37. Top Customers by Region
Table 38. Top Customers by Application
Table 39. North America High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Growth Accelerators and Market Barriers
Table 40. North America High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 41. North America High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales (K Units) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
Table 42. Europe High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Growth Accelerators and Market Barriers
Table 43. Europe High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 44. Europe High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales (K Units) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
Table 45. Asia-Pacific High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 46. Asia-Pacific High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales (K Units) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
Table 47. Asia-Pacific High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Growth Accelerators and Market Barriers
Table 48. Southeast Asia High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 49. Central and South America High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Investment Opportunities and Key Challenges
Table 50. Central and South America High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 51. Middle East and Africa High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Investment Opportunities and Key Challenges
Table 52. Middle East and Africa High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 53. PHINIA Corporation Information
Table 54. PHINIA Description and Major Businesses
Table 55. PHINIA Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 56. PHINIA Capacity, Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 57. PHINIA Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 58. PHINIA Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 59. PHINIA Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 60. PHINIA High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems SWOT Analysis
Table 61. PHINIA Recent Developments
Table 62. Cooper Standard Corporation Information
Table 63. Cooper Standard Description and Major Businesses
Table 64. Cooper Standard Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 65. Cooper Standard Capacity, Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 66. Cooper Standard Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 67. Cooper Standard Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 68. Cooper Standard Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 69. Cooper Standard High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems SWOT Analysis
Table 70. Cooper Standard Recent Developments
Table 71. Hirschvogel Corporation Information
Table 72. Hirschvogel Description and Major Businesses
Table 73. Hirschvogel Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 74. Hirschvogel Capacity, Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 75. Hirschvogel Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 76. Hirschvogel Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 77. Hirschvogel Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 78. Hirschvogel High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems SWOT Analysis
Table 79. Hirschvogel Recent Developments
Table 80. SoWaGroup Corporation Information
Table 81. SoWaGroup Description and Major Businesses
Table 82. SoWaGroup Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 83. SoWaGroup Capacity, Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 84. SoWaGroup Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 85. SoWaGroup Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 86. SoWaGroup Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 87. SoWaGroup High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems SWOT Analysis
Table 88. SoWaGroup Recent Developments
Table 89. Sanoh Corporation Information
Table 90. Sanoh Description and Major Businesses
Table 91. Sanoh Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 92. Sanoh Capacity, Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 93. Sanoh Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 94. Sanoh Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 95. Sanoh Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 96. Sanoh High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems SWOT Analysis
Table 97. Sanoh Recent Developments
Table 98. USUI Corporation Information
Table 99. USUI Description and Major Businesses
Table 100. USUI Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 101. USUI Capacity, Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 102. USUI Recent Developments
Table 103. DURA Corporation Information
Table 104. DURA Description and Major Businesses
Table 105. DURA Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 106. DURA Capacity, Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 107. DURA Recent Developments
Table 108. Benteler Corporation Information
Table 109. Benteler Description and Major Businesses
Table 110. Benteler Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 111. Benteler Capacity, Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 112. Benteler Recent Developments
Table 113. Shanghai Automobile Air-conditioner Accessories Corporation Information
Table 114. Shanghai Automobile Air-conditioner Accessories Description and Major Businesses
Table 115. Shanghai Automobile Air-conditioner Accessories Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 116. Shanghai Automobile Air-conditioner Accessories Capacity, Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 117. Shanghai Automobile Air-conditioner Accessories Recent Developments
Table 118. Wuxi WEIFU Schmitter Powertrain components Corporation Information
Table 119. Wuxi WEIFU Schmitter Powertrain components Description and Major Businesses
Table 120. Wuxi WEIFU Schmitter Powertrain components Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 121. Wuxi WEIFU Schmitter Powertrain components Capacity, Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 122. Wuxi WEIFU Schmitter Powertrain components Recent Developments
Table 123. Winkelmann Corporation Information
Table 124. Winkelmann Description and Major Businesses
Table 125. Winkelmann Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 126. Winkelmann Capacity, Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 127. Winkelmann Recent Developments
Table 128. Linamar Corporation Information
Table 129. Linamar Description and Major Businesses
Table 130. Linamar Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 131. Linamar Capacity, Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 132. Linamar Recent Developments
Table 133. Shanghai Zhongyuan Fuel Rail Corporation Information
Table 134. Shanghai Zhongyuan Fuel Rail Description and Major Businesses
Table 135. Shanghai Zhongyuan Fuel Rail Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 136. Shanghai Zhongyuan Fuel Rail Capacity, Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 137. Shanghai Zhongyuan Fuel Rail Recent Developments
Table 138. HYUNDAI KEFICO Corporation Information
Table 139. HYUNDAI KEFICO Description and Major Businesses
Table 140. HYUNDAI KEFICO Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 141. HYUNDAI KEFICO Capacity, Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 142. HYUNDAI KEFICO Recent Developments
Table 143. Motonic Corporation Information
Table 144. Motonic Description and Major Businesses
Table 145. Motonic Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 146. Motonic Capacity, Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 147. Motonic Recent Developments
Table 148. Key Raw Materials Distribution
Table 149. Raw Materials Key Suppliers
Table 150. Critical Raw Material Supplier Concentration (2024) & Risk Index
Table 151. Milestones in Production Technology Evolution
Table 152. Distributors List
Table 153. Market Trends and Market Evolution
Table 154. Market Drivers and Opportunities
Table 155. Market Challenges, Risks, and Restraints
Table 156. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 157. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 158. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Product Picture
Figure 2. Global High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 3. Stainless Steel Product Picture
Figure 4. Carbon Steel Product Picture
Figure 5. Others Product Picture
Figure 6. Global High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 7. Passenger Car
Figure 8. Commercial Vehicle
Figure 9. High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Report Years Considered
Figure 10. Global High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Revenue, (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 11. Global High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 12. Global High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Revenue (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 13. Global High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Revenue Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 14. Global High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 15. Global High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales (CAGR) by Region (2020-2031) (K Units)
Figure 16. Global High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 17. Global High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Capacity, Production and Utilization (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 18. Global High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Production Trend by Region (2020-2031) (K Units)
Figure 19. Global High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Production Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 20. Production Capacity Enablers & Constraints
Figure 21. High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Production Growth Rate in North America (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 22. High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Production Growth Rate in Europe (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 23. High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Production Growth Rate in China (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 24. High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Production Growth Rate in Japan (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 25. High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Production Growth Rate in South Korea (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 26. High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Production Growth Rate in India (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 27. Top 5 and Top 10 Manufacturers High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales Volume Market Share in 2024
Figure 28. Global High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Revenue Market Share Ranking (2024)
Figure 29. Tier Distribution by Revenue Contribution (2020 VS 2024)
Figure 30. Stainless Steel Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 31. Carbon Steel Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 32. Others Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 33. Type Eight Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 34. Type Nine Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 35. Global High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales Market Share by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 36. Global High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Revenue Market Share by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 37. Global High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales Market Share by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 38. Global High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Revenue Market Share by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 39. North America High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 40. North America High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 41. North America Top 5 Manufacturers High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 42. North America High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales Volume (K Units) by Type (2020- 2031)
Figure 43. North America High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020 - 2031)
Figure 44. North America High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales Volume (K Units) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 45. North America High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 46. US High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 47. Canada High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 48. Mexico High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 49. Europe High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 50. Europe High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 51. Europe Top 5 Manufacturers High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 52. Europe High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales Volume (K Units) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 53. Europe High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 54. Europe High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales Volume (K Units) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 55. Europe High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 56. Germany High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 57. France High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 58. U.K. High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 59. Italy High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 60. Russia High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 61. Asia-Pacific High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 62. Asia-Pacific High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 63. Asia-Pacific Top 8 Manufacturers High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 64. Asia-Pacific High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales Volume (K Units) by Type (2020- 2031)
Figure 65. Asia-Pacific High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020- 2031)
Figure 66. Asia-Pacific High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales Volume (K Units) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 67. Asia-Pacific High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 68. Indonesia High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 69. Japan High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 70. South Korea High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 71. China Taiwan High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 72. India High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 73. Central and South America High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 74. Central and South America High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 75. Central and South America Top 5 Manufacturers High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 76. Central and South America High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales Volume (K Units) by Type (2021-2031)
Figure 77. Central and South America High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 78. Central and South America High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales Volume (K Units) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 79. Central and South America High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 80. Brazil High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 81. Argentina High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 82. Middle East, and Africa High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 83. Middle East and Africa High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 84. Middle East and Africa Top 5 Manufacturers High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 85. Middle East and Africa High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales Volume (K Units) by Type (2021-2031)
Figure 86. South America High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 87. Middle East and Africa High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales Volume (K Units) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 88. Middle East and Africa High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 89. GCC Countries High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 90. Turkey High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 91. Egypt High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 92. South Africa High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 93. High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Industry Chain Mapping
Figure 94. Regional High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Manufacturing Base Distribution (%)
Figure 95. High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Production Process
Figure 96. Regional High-pressure Rail for Common-rail Systems Production Cost Structure
Figure 97. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 98. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 99. Data Triangulation
Figure 100. Key Executives Interviewed
