List of Tables
Table 1. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Market Value by Type (US$ Million), 2025 vs 2032
Table 2. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Market Value by Application (US$ Million), 2025 vs 2032
Table 3. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production Capacity (Units) by Manufacturers in 2025
Table 4. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production by Manufacturers (Units), 2021–2026
Table 5. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2021–2026)
Table 6. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production Value by Manufacturers (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 7. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2021–2026)
Table 8. Global Key Players of Automotive On-Board Power Supply, Industry Ranking, 2024 vs 2025
Table 9. Classification of Companies by Tier (Tier 1, Tier 2, Tier 3), based on Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production Value, 2025
Table 10. Global Market Automotive On-Board Power Supply Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/Unit), 2021–2026
Table 11. Global Key Manufacturers of Automotive On-Board Power Supply, Manufacturing Footprints and Headquarters
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of Automotive On-Board Power Supply, Product Offerings and Applications
Table 13. Global Key Manufacturers of Automotive On-Board Power Supply, Date of Entry into the Industry
Table 14. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 15. Mergers & Acquisitions and Expansion Plans
Table 16. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production Value by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (US$ Million)
Table 17. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2021–2026)
Table 18. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production Value Market Share by Region (2021–2026)
Table 19. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2027–2032)
Table 20. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2027–2032)
Table 21. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production Comparison by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (Units)
Table 22. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production (Units) by Region (2021–2026)
Table 23. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production Market Share by Region (2021–2026)
Table 24. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production (Units) Forecast by Region (2027–2032)
Table 25. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2027–2032)
Table 26. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2021–2026)
Table 27. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2027–2032)
Table 28. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (Units)
Table 29. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Consumption by Region (Units), 2021–2026
Table 30. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Consumption Market Share by Region (2021–2026)
Table 31. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Forecasted Consumption by Region (Units), 2027–2032
Table 32. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2027–2032)
Table 33. North America Automotive On-Board Power Supply Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (Units)
Table 34. North America Automotive On-Board Power Supply Consumption by Country (Units), 2021–2026
Table 35. North America Automotive On-Board Power Supply Consumption by Country (Units), 2027–2032
Table 36. Europe Automotive On-Board Power Supply Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (Units)
Table 37. Europe Automotive On-Board Power Supply Consumption by Country (Units), 2021–2026
Table 38. Europe Automotive On-Board Power Supply Consumption by Country (Units), 2027–2032
Table 39. Asia Pacific Automotive On-Board Power Supply Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (Units)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Automotive On-Board Power Supply Consumption by Region (Units), 2021–2026
Table 41. Asia Pacific Automotive On-Board Power Supply Consumption by Region (Units), 2027–2032
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Automotive On-Board Power Supply Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (Units)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Automotive On-Board Power Supply Consumption by Country (Units), 2021–2026
Table 44. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Automotive On-Board Power Supply Consumption by Country (Units), 2027–2032
Table 45. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production (Units) by Type (2021–2026)
Table 46. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production (Units) by Type (2027–2032)
Table 47. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production Market Share by Type (2021–2026)
Table 48. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production Market Share by Type (2027–2032)
Table 49. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2021–2026)
Table 50. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2027–2032)
Table 51. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production Value Market Share by Type (2021–2026)
Table 52. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production Value Market Share by Type (2027–2032)
Table 53. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2021–2026)
Table 54. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2027–2032)
Table 55. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production (Units) by Application (2021–2026)
Table 56. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production (Units) by Application (2027–2032)
Table 57. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production Market Share by Application (2021–2026)
Table 58. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production Market Share by Application (2027–2032)
Table 59. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2021–2026)
Table 60. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2027–2032)
Table 61. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production Value Market Share by Application (2021–2026)
Table 62. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production Value Market Share by Application (2027–2032)
Table 63. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2021–2026)
Table 64. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2027–2032)
Table 65. FinDreams Powertrain Automotive On-Board Power Supply Company Information
Table 66. FinDreams Powertrain Automotive On-Board Power Supply Specification and Application
Table 67. FinDreams Powertrain Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 68. FinDreams Powertrain Main Business and Markets Served
Table 69. FinDreams Powertrain Recent Developments/Updates
Table 70. Tesla Automotive On-Board Power Supply Company Information
Table 71. Tesla Automotive On-Board Power Supply Specification and Application
Table 72. Tesla Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 73. Tesla Main Business and Markets Served
Table 74. Tesla Recent Developments/Updates
Table 75. Shenzhen VMAX Automotive On-Board Power Supply Company Information
Table 76. Shenzhen VMAX Automotive On-Board Power Supply Specification and Application
Table 77. Shenzhen VMAX Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 78. Shenzhen VMAX Main Business and Markets Served
Table 79. Shenzhen VMAX Recent Developments/Updates
Table 80. Toyota Industries Corporation Automotive On-Board Power Supply Company Information
Table 81. Toyota Industries Corporation Automotive On-Board Power Supply Specification and Application
Table 82. Toyota Industries Corporation Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 83. Toyota Industries Corporation Main Business and Markets Served
Table 84. Toyota Industries Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
Table 85. TDK Corporation Automotive On-Board Power Supply Company Information
Table 86. TDK Corporation Automotive On-Board Power Supply Specification and Application
Table 87. TDK Corporation Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 88. TDK Corporation Main Business and Markets Served
Table 89. TDK Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
Table 90. Continental AG Automotive On-Board Power Supply Company Information
Table 91. Continental AG Automotive On-Board Power Supply Specification and Application
Table 92. Continental AG Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 93. Continental AG Main Business and Markets Served
Table 94. Continental AG Recent Developments/Updates
Table 95. Robert Bosch GmbH Automotive On-Board Power Supply Company Information
Table 96. Robert Bosch GmbH Automotive On-Board Power Supply Specification and Application
Table 97. Robert Bosch GmbH Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 98. Robert Bosch GmbH Main Business and Markets Served
Table 99. Robert Bosch GmbH Recent Developments/Updates
Table 100. Denso Corporation Automotive On-Board Power Supply Company Information
Table 101. Denso Corporation Automotive On-Board Power Supply Specification and Application
Table 102. Denso Corporation Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 103. Denso Corporation Main Business and Markets Served
Table 104. Denso Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
Table 105. Panasonic Corporation Automotive On-Board Power Supply Company Information
Table 106. Panasonic Corporation Automotive On-Board Power Supply Specification and Application
Table 107. Panasonic Corporation Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 108. Panasonic Corporation Main Business and Markets Served
Table 109. Panasonic Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
Table 110. Infineon Technologies AG Automotive On-Board Power Supply Company Information
Table 111. Infineon Technologies AG Automotive On-Board Power Supply Specification and Application
Table 112. Infineon Technologies AG Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 113. Infineon Technologies AG Main Business and Markets Served
Table 114. Infineon Technologies AG Recent Developments/Updates
Table 115. Hella GmbH & Co. KGaA Automotive On-Board Power Supply Company Information
Table 116. Hella GmbH & Co. KGaA Automotive On-Board Power Supply Specification and Application
Table 117. Hella GmbH & Co. KGaA Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 118. Hella GmbH & Co. KGaA Main Business and Markets Served
Table 119. Hella GmbH & Co. KGaA Recent Developments/Updates
Table 120. Aptiv PLC Automotive On-Board Power Supply Company Information
Table 121. Aptiv PLC Automotive On-Board Power Supply Specification and Application
Table 122. Aptiv PLC Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 123. Aptiv PLC Main Business and Markets Served
Table 124. Aptiv PLC Recent Developments/Updates
Table 125. Alps Alpine Co. Ltd Automotive On-Board Power Supply Company Information
Table 126. Alps Alpine Co. Ltd Automotive On-Board Power Supply Specification and Application
Table 127. Alps Alpine Co. Ltd Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 128. Alps Alpine Co. Ltd Main Business and Markets Served
Table 129. Alps Alpine Co. Ltd Recent Developments/Updates
Table 130. Marelli Corporation Automotive On-Board Power Supply Company Information
Table 131. Marelli Corporation Automotive On-Board Power Supply Specification and Application
Table 132. Marelli Corporation Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 133. Marelli Corporation Main Business and Markets Served
Table 134. Marelli Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
Table 135. Valeo Group Automotive On-Board Power Supply Company Information
Table 136. Valeo Group Automotive On-Board Power Supply Specification and Application
Table 137. Valeo Group Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 138. Valeo Group Main Business and Markets Served
Table 139. Valeo Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 140. KOSTAL Automotive On-Board Power Supply Company Information
Table 141. KOSTAL Automotive On-Board Power Supply Specification and Application
Table 142. KOSTAL Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 143. KOSTAL Main Business and Markets Served
Table 144. KOSTAL Recent Developments/Updates
Table 145. SHINRY Automotive On-Board Power Supply Company Information
Table 146. SHINRY Automotive On-Board Power Supply Specification and Application
Table 147. SHINRY Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 148. SHINRY Main Business and Markets Served
Table 149. SHINRY Recent Developments/Updates
Table 150. Zhejiang EVTECH Automotive On-Board Power Supply Company Information
Table 151. Zhejiang EVTECH Automotive On-Board Power Supply Specification and Application
Table 152. Zhejiang EVTECH Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 153. Zhejiang EVTECH Main Business and Markets Served
Table 154. Zhejiang EVTECH Recent Developments/Updates
Table 155. Zhuhai Inpower Electric Automotive On-Board Power Supply Company Information
Table 156. Zhuhai Inpower Electric Automotive On-Board Power Supply Specification and Application
Table 157. Zhuhai Inpower Electric Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 158. Zhuhai Inpower Electric Main Business and Markets Served
Table 159. Zhuhai Inpower Electric Recent Developments/Updates
Table 160. Shenzhen Inovance Technology Automotive On-Board Power Supply Company Information
Table 161. Shenzhen Inovance Technology Automotive On-Board Power Supply Specification and Application
Table 162. Shenzhen Inovance Technology Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 163. Shenzhen Inovance Technology Main Business and Markets Served
Table 164. Shenzhen Inovance Technology Recent Developments/Updates
Table 165. Panasonic Automotive On-Board Power Supply Company Information
Table 166. Panasonic Automotive On-Board Power Supply Specification and Application
Table 167. Panasonic Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 168. Panasonic Main Business and Markets Served
Table 169. Panasonic Recent Developments/Updates
Table 170. Lihua Automotive On-Board Power Supply Company Information
Table 171. Lihua Automotive On-Board Power Supply Specification and Application
Table 172. Lihua Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 173. Lihua Main Business and Markets Served
Table 174. Lihua Recent Developments/Updates
Table 175. Tiecheng Information Automotive On-Board Power Supply Company Information
Table 176. Tiecheng Information Automotive On-Board Power Supply Specification and Application
Table 177. Tiecheng Information Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 178. Tiecheng Information Main Business and Markets Served
Table 179. Tiecheng Information Recent Developments/Updates
Table 180. Huawei Automotive On-Board Power Supply Company Information
Table 181. Huawei Automotive On-Board Power Supply Specification and Application
Table 182. Huawei Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 183. Huawei Main Business and Markets Served
Table 184. Huawei Recent Developments/Updates
Table 185. Delta Electronics Automotive On-Board Power Supply Company Information
Table 186. Delta Electronics Automotive On-Board Power Supply Specification and Application
Table 187. Delta Electronics Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 188. Delta Electronics Main Business and Markets Served
Table 189. Delta Electronics Recent Developments/Updates
Table 190. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 191. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 192. Automotive On-Board Power Supply Distributors List
Table 193. Automotive On-Board Power Supply Customers List
Table 194. Automotive On-Board Power Supply Market Trends
Table 195. Automotive On-Board Power Supply Market Drivers
Table 196. Automotive On-Board Power Supply Market Challenges
Table 197. Automotive On-Board Power Supply Market Restraints
Table 198. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 199. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 200. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 201. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Automotive On-Board Power Supply
Figure 2. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Market Value by Type (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 3. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Market Share by Type: 2025 vs 2032
Figure 4. DC/DC Converter Product Picture
Figure 5. OBC (On-board Charger) Product Picture
Figure 6. Integrated Products Product Picture
Figure 7. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Market Value by Application (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 8. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Market Share by Application: 2025 vs 2032
Figure 9. Passenger Cars
Figure 10. Commercial Vehicles
Figure 11. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production Value (US$ Million), 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Figure 12. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production Value (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 13. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production Capacity (Units), 2021–2032
Figure 14. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production (Units), 2021–2032
Figure 15. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Average Price (US$/Unit), 2021–2032
Figure 16. Automotive On-Board Power Supply Report Years Considered
Figure 17. Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production Share by Manufacturers in 2025
Figure 18. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2025)
Figure 19. Automotive On-Board Power Supply Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2021 vs 2025
Figure 20. Top 5 and Top 10 Global Players: Market Share by Automotive On-Board Power Supply Revenue in 2025
Figure 21. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production Value by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (US$ Million)
Figure 22. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production Value Market Share by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Figure 23. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production Comparison by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (Units)
Figure 24. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production Market Share by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Figure 25. North America Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2021–2032)
Figure 26. Europe Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2021–2032)
Figure 27. China Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2021–2032)
Figure 28. Japan Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2021–2032)
Figure 29. South Korea Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2021–2032)
Figure 30. India Automotive On-Board Power Supply Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2021–2032)
Figure 31. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Consumption by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (Units)
Figure 32. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Consumption Market Share by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Figure 33. North America Automotive On-Board Power Supply Consumption and Growth Rate (Units), 2021–2032
Figure 34. North America Automotive On-Board Power Supply Consumption Market Share by Country (2021–2032)
Figure 35. U.S. Automotive On-Board Power Supply Consumption and Growth Rate (Units), 2021–2032
Figure 36. Canada Automotive On-Board Power Supply Consumption and Growth Rate (Units), 2021–2032
Figure 37. Europe Automotive On-Board Power Supply Consumption and Growth Rate (Units), 2021–2032
Figure 38. Europe Automotive On-Board Power Supply Consumption Market Share by Country (2021–2032)
Figure 39. Germany Automotive On-Board Power Supply Consumption and Growth Rate (Units), 2021–2032
Figure 40. France Automotive On-Board Power Supply Consumption and Growth Rate (Units), 2021–2032
Figure 41. U.K. Automotive On-Board Power Supply Consumption and Growth Rate (Units), 2021–2032
Figure 42. Italy Automotive On-Board Power Supply Consumption and Growth Rate (Units), 2021–2032
Figure 43. Russia Automotive On-Board Power Supply Consumption and Growth Rate (Units), 2021–2032
Figure 44. Asia Pacific Automotive On-Board Power Supply Consumption and Growth Rate (Units), 2021–2032
Figure 45. Asia Pacific Automotive On-Board Power Supply Consumption Market Share by Region (2021–2032)
Figure 46. China Automotive On-Board Power Supply Consumption and Growth Rate (Units), 2021–2032
Figure 47. Japan Automotive On-Board Power Supply Consumption and Growth Rate (Units), 2021–2032
Figure 48. South Korea Automotive On-Board Power Supply Consumption and Growth Rate (Units), 2021–2032
Figure 49. China Taiwan Automotive On-Board Power Supply Consumption and Growth Rate (Units), 2021–2032
Figure 50. Southeast Asia Automotive On-Board Power Supply Consumption and Growth Rate (Units), 2021–2032
Figure 51. India Automotive On-Board Power Supply Consumption and Growth Rate (Units), 2021–2032
Figure 52. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Automotive On-Board Power Supply Consumption and Growth Rate (Units), 2021–2032
Figure 53. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Automotive On-Board Power Supply Consumption Market Share by Country (2021–2032)
Figure 54. Mexico Automotive On-Board Power Supply Consumption and Growth Rate (Units), 2021–2032
Figure 55. Brazil Automotive On-Board Power Supply Consumption and Growth Rate (Units), 2021–2032
Figure 56. Turkey Automotive On-Board Power Supply Consumption and Growth Rate (Units), 2021–2032
Figure 57. GCC Countries Automotive On-Board Power Supply Consumption and Growth Rate (Units), 2021–2032
Figure 58. Global Production Market Share of Automotive On-Board Power Supply by Type (2021–2032)
Figure 59. Global Production Value Market Share of Automotive On-Board Power Supply by Type (2021–2032)
Figure 60. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2021–2032)
Figure 61. Global Production Market Share of Automotive On-Board Power Supply by Application (2021–2032)
Figure 62. Global Production Value Market Share of Automotive On-Board Power Supply by Application (2021–2032)
Figure 63. Global Automotive On-Board Power Supply Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2021–2032)
Figure 64. Automotive On-Board Power Supply Value Chain
Figure 65. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 66. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 67. Data Triangulation