List of Tables
Table 1. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 2. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 3. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production Capacity (Units) by Manufacturers in 2024
Table 4. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 5. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 6. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production Value by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 8. Global Key Players of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier), Industry Ranking, 2023 VS 2024
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Production Value in Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) as of 2024)
Table 10. Global Market Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/Unit) & (2020-2025)
Table 11. Global Key Manufacturers of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier), Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier), Product Offered and Application
Table 13. Global Key Manufacturers of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier), Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 14. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 15. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 16. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 17. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 18. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production Value Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 19. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 20. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 21. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Table 22. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production (Units) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 23. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 24. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production (Units) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 25. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 26. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 27. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2026-2031)
Table 28. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Table 29. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 30. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 31. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Forecasted Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 32. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2026-2031)
Table 33. North America Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Table 34. North America Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 35. North America Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 36. Europe Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Table 37. Europe Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 38. Europe Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 39. Asia Pacific Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 41. Asia Pacific Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 44. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 45. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production (Units) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 46. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production (Units) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 47. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 48. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 49. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 50. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 51. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production Value Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 52. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production Value Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 53. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 54. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 55. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production (Units) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 56. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production (Units) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 57. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 58. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 59. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 60. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 61. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production Value Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 62. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production Value Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 63. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 64. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 65. Hyundai Mipo Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Company Information
Table 66. Hyundai Mipo Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Specification and Application
Table 67. Hyundai Mipo Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 68. Hyundai Mipo Main Business and Markets Served
Table 69. Hyundai Mipo Recent Developments/Updates
Table 70. Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Company Information
Table 71. Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Specification and Application
Table 72. Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 73. Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Main Business and Markets Served
Table 74. Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Recent Developments/Updates
Table 75. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Company Information
Table 76. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Specification and Application
Table 77. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 78. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Main Business and Markets Served
Table 79. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Recent Developments/Updates
Table 80. Hyundai Heavy Industries Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Company Information
Table 81. Hyundai Heavy Industries Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Specification and Application
Table 82. Hyundai Heavy Industries Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 83. Hyundai Heavy Industries Main Business and Markets Served
Table 84. Hyundai Heavy Industries Recent Developments/Updates
Table 85. Namura Shipbuilding Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Company Information
Table 86. Namura Shipbuilding Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Specification and Application
Table 87. Namura Shipbuilding Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 88. Namura Shipbuilding Main Business and Markets Served
Table 89. Namura Shipbuilding Recent Developments/Updates
Table 90. Hyundai Samho Heavy Industries Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Company Information
Table 91. Hyundai Samho Heavy Industries Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Specification and Application
Table 92. Hyundai Samho Heavy Industries Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 93. Hyundai Samho Heavy Industries Main Business and Markets Served
Table 94. Hyundai Samho Heavy Industries Recent Developments/Updates
Table 95. Barkmeijer Stroobos BV Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Company Information
Table 96. Barkmeijer Stroobos BV Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Specification and Application
Table 97. Barkmeijer Stroobos BV Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 98. Barkmeijer Stroobos BV Main Business and Markets Served
Table 99. Barkmeijer Stroobos BV Recent Developments/Updates
Table 100. Damen Shipyard Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Company Information
Table 101. Damen Shipyard Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Specification and Application
Table 102. Damen Shipyard Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 103. Damen Shipyard Main Business and Markets Served
Table 104. Damen Shipyard Recent Developments/Updates
Table 105. Meyer Werft Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Company Information
Table 106. Meyer Werft Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Specification and Application
Table 107. Meyer Werft Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 108. Meyer Werft Main Business and Markets Served
Table 109. Meyer Werft Recent Developments/Updates
Table 110. Kawasaki Shipbuilding Corporation Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Company Information
Table 111. Kawasaki Shipbuilding Corporation Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Specification and Application
Table 112. Kawasaki Shipbuilding Corporation Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 113. Kawasaki Shipbuilding Corporation Main Business and Markets Served
Table 114. Kawasaki Shipbuilding Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
Table 115. Meyer Turku Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Company Information
Table 116. Meyer Turku Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Specification and Application
Table 117. Meyer Turku Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 118. Meyer Turku Main Business and Markets Served
Table 119. Meyer Turku Recent Developments/Updates
Table 120. Stx Shipbuilding Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Company Information
Table 121. Stx Shipbuilding Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Specification and Application
Table 122. Stx Shipbuilding Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 123. Stx Shipbuilding Main Business and Markets Served
Table 124. Stx Shipbuilding Recent Developments/Updates
Table 125. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 126. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 127. Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Distributors List
Table 128. Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Customers List
Table 129. Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Market Trends
Table 130. Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Market Drivers
Table 131. Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Market Challenges
Table 132. Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Market Restraints
Table 133. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 134. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 135. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 136. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier)
Figure 2. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 3. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Market Share by Type: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 4. Fully Pressurized LPG Carrier Product Picture
Figure 5. Fully Refrigerated LPG Carrier Product Picture
Figure 6. Semi-pressurized and Semi-refrigerated LPG Carrier Product Picture
Figure 7. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 8. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Market Share by Application: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 9. Inland Waterway Transport
Figure 10. Outer Waterway Transport
Figure 11. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production Value (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 12. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production Value (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 13. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production Capacity (Units) & (2020-2031)
Figure 14. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production (Units) & (2020-2031)
Figure 15. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Average Price (US$/Unit) & (2020-2031)
Figure 16. Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Report Years Considered
Figure 17. Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production Share by Manufacturers in 2024
Figure 18. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2024)
Figure 19. Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2020 VS 2024
Figure 20. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Revenue in 2024
Figure 21. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 22. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production Value Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 23. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Figure 24. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 25. North America Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 26. Europe Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 27. China Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 28. Japan Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 29. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Consumption by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Figure 30. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Consumption Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 31. North America Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 32. North America Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 33. U.S. Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 34. Canada Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 35. Europe Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 36. Europe Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 37. Germany Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 38. France Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 39. U.K. Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 40. Italy Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 41. Netherlands Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 42. Asia Pacific Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 43. Asia Pacific Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 44. China Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 45. Japan Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 46. South Korea Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 47. China Taiwan Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 48. Southeast Asia Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 49. India Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 50. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 51. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 52. Mexico Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 53. Brazil Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 54. Turkey Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 55. GCC Countries Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 56. Global Production Market Share of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 57. Global Production Value Market Share of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 58. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 59. Global Production Market Share of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 60. Global Production Value Market Share of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 61. Global Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 62. Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carrier (LPG Carrier) Value Chain
Figure 63. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 64. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 65. Data Triangulation