List of Tables
Table 1. Global Manhole Inspection Camera System Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 2. Global Manhole Inspection Camera System Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 3. Global Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 4. Global Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue by Region (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 5. Global Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue by Region (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 6. Global Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Table 7. Global Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales by Region (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 8. Global Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales by Region (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 9. Emerging Market Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 10. Global Manhole Inspection Camera System Production Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Table 11. Global Manhole Inspection Camera System Production by Region (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 12. Global Manhole Inspection Camera System Production by Region (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 13. Global Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 14. Global Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 15. Global Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 16. Global Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 17. Global Key Manufacturers’Ranking Shift (2023 vs. 2024) (Based on Revenue)
Table 18. Global Manhole Inspection Camera System by Manufacturer Tier (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Manhole Inspection Camera System as of 2024)
Table 19. Global Manhole Inspection Camera System Average Gross Margin (%) by Manufacturer (2020 VS 2024)
Table 20. Global Manhole Inspection Camera System Average Selling Price (ASP) by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$/Unit)
Table 21. Key Manufacturers Manhole Inspection Camera System Manufacturing Base and Headquarters
Table 22. Global Manhole Inspection Camera System Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 23. Key Market Entrant/Exit (2020-2024) – Drivers & Impact Analysis
Table 24. Key Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans, R&D Investment
Table 25. Global Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales by Type (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 26. Global Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales by Type (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 27. Global Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue by Type (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 28. Global Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue by Type (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 29. Global Manhole Inspection Camera System ASP by Type (2020-2031) & (US$/Unit)
Table 30. Technical Specifications by Key Product Type
Table 31. Global Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales by Application (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 32. Global Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales by Application (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 33. Manhole Inspection Camera System High-Growth Sectors Demand CAGR (2024-2031)
Table 34. Global Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue by Application (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 35. Global Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue by Application (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 36. Global Manhole Inspection Camera System ASP by Application (2020-2031) & (US$/Unit)
Table 37. Top Customers by Region
Table 38. Top Customers by Application
Table 39. North America Manhole Inspection Camera System Growth Accelerators and Market Barriers
Table 40. North America Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 41. North America Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales (Units) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
Table 42. Europe Manhole Inspection Camera System Growth Accelerators and Market Barriers
Table 43. Europe Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 44. Europe Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales (Units) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
Table 45. Asia-Pacific Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 46. Asia-Pacific Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales (Units) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
Table 47. Asia-Pacific Manhole Inspection Camera System Growth Accelerators and Market Barriers
Table 48. Southeast Asia Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 49. Central and South America Manhole Inspection Camera System Investment Opportunities and Key Challenges
Table 50. Central and South America Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 51. Middle East and Africa Manhole Inspection Camera System Investment Opportunities and Key Challenges
Table 52. Middle East and Africa Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 53. Rausch USA Corporation Information
Table 54. Rausch USA Description and Major Businesses
Table 55. Rausch USA Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 56. Rausch USA Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 57. Rausch USA Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 58. Rausch USA Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 59. Rausch USA Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 60. Rausch USA Manhole Inspection Camera System SWOT Analysis
Table 61. Rausch USA Recent Developments
Table 62. Envirosight Corporation Information
Table 63. Envirosight Description and Major Businesses
Table 64. Envirosight Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 65. Envirosight Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 66. Envirosight Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 67. Envirosight Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 68. Envirosight Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 69. Envirosight Manhole Inspection Camera System SWOT Analysis
Table 70. Envirosight Recent Developments
Table 71. CUES Corporation Information
Table 72. CUES Description and Major Businesses
Table 73. CUES Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 74. CUES Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 75. CUES Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 76. CUES Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 77. CUES Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 78. CUES Manhole Inspection Camera System SWOT Analysis
Table 79. CUES Recent Developments
Table 80. Vivax-Metrotech Corporation Information
Table 81. Vivax-Metrotech Description and Major Businesses
Table 82. Vivax-Metrotech Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 83. Vivax-Metrotech Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 84. Vivax-Metrotech Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 85. Vivax-Metrotech Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 86. Vivax-Metrotech Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 87. Vivax-Metrotech Manhole Inspection Camera System SWOT Analysis
Table 88. Vivax-Metrotech Recent Developments
Table 89. Ratech Electronics Corporation Information
Table 90. Ratech Electronics Description and Major Businesses
Table 91. Ratech Electronics Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 92. Ratech Electronics Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 93. Ratech Electronics Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 94. Ratech Electronics Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 95. Ratech Electronics Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 96. Ratech Electronics Manhole Inspection Camera System SWOT Analysis
Table 97. Ratech Electronics Recent Developments
Table 98. Insight Vision Cameras Corporation Information
Table 99. Insight Vision Cameras Description and Major Businesses
Table 100. Insight Vision Cameras Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 101. Insight Vision Cameras Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 102. Insight Vision Cameras Recent Developments
Table 103. RapidView Corporation Information
Table 104. RapidView Description and Major Businesses
Table 105. RapidView Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 106. RapidView Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 107. RapidView Recent Developments
Table 108. Pearpoint Corporation Information
Table 109. Pearpoint Description and Major Businesses
Table 110. Pearpoint Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 111. Pearpoint Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 112. Pearpoint Recent Developments
Table 113. Scanprobe Corporation Information
Table 114. Scanprobe Description and Major Businesses
Table 115. Scanprobe Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 116. Scanprobe Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 117. Scanprobe Recent Developments
Table 118. Radiodetection Corporation Information
Table 119. Radiodetection Description and Major Businesses
Table 120. Radiodetection Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 121. Radiodetection Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 122. Radiodetection Recent Developments
Table 123. Aries Industries Corporation Information
Table 124. Aries Industries Description and Major Businesses
Table 125. Aries Industries Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 126. Aries Industries Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 127. Aries Industries Recent Developments
Table 128. Hathorn Corporation Information
Table 129. Hathorn Description and Major Businesses
Table 130. Hathorn Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 131. Hathorn Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 132. Hathorn Recent Developments
Table 133. Shanghai Kingstronic Corporation Information
Table 134. Shanghai Kingstronic Description and Major Businesses
Table 135. Shanghai Kingstronic Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 136. Shanghai Kingstronic Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 137. Shanghai Kingstronic Recent Developments
Table 138. Ritec Rohr Corporation Information
Table 139. Ritec Rohr Description and Major Businesses
Table 140. Ritec Rohr Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 141. Ritec Rohr Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 142. Ritec Rohr Recent Developments
Table 143. MesSen Nord Corporation Information
Table 144. MesSen Nord Description and Major Businesses
Table 145. MesSen Nord Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 146. MesSen Nord Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 147. MesSen Nord Recent Developments
Table 148. 2M TECHNOLOGY Corporation Information
Table 149. 2M TECHNOLOGY Description and Major Businesses
Table 150. 2M TECHNOLOGY Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 151. 2M TECHNOLOGY Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 152. 2M TECHNOLOGY Recent Developments
Table 153. SROD Corporation Information
Table 154. SROD Description and Major Businesses
Table 155. SROD Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 156. SROD Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 157. SROD Recent Developments
Table 158. RinnoVision Corporation Information
Table 159. RinnoVision Description and Major Businesses
Table 160. RinnoVision Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 161. RinnoVision Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 162. RinnoVision Recent Developments
Table 163. Mtech Corporation Information
Table 164. Mtech Description and Major Businesses
Table 165. Mtech Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 166. Mtech Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 167. Mtech Recent Developments
Table 168. Wohler USA Corporation Information
Table 169. Wohler USA Description and Major Businesses
Table 170. Wohler USA Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 171. Wohler USA Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 172. Wohler USA Recent Developments
Table 173. Subsite Electronics Corporation Information
Table 174. Subsite Electronics Description and Major Businesses
Table 175. Subsite Electronics Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 176. Subsite Electronics Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 177. Subsite Electronics Recent Developments
Table 178. Key Raw Materials Distribution
Table 179. Raw Materials Key Suppliers
Table 180. Critical Raw Material Supplier Concentration (2024) & Risk Index
Table 181. Milestones in Production Technology Evolution
Table 182. Distributors List
Table 183. Market Trends and Market Evolution
Table 184. Market Drivers and Opportunities
Table 185. Market Challenges, Risks, and Restraints
Table 186. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 187. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 188. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Manhole Inspection Camera System Product Picture
Figure 2. Global Manhole Inspection Camera System Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 3. Portable Manhole Inspection Camera System Product Picture
Figure 4. Vehicle-mounted Manhole Inspection Camera System Product Picture
Figure 5. Others Product Picture
Figure 6. Global Manhole Inspection Camera System Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 7. Sewerage
Figure 8. Storm Drains
Figure 9. Electrical Conduit
Figure 10. Others
Figure 11. Manhole Inspection Camera System Report Years Considered
Figure 12. Global Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue, (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 13. Global Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 14. Global Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 15. Global Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 16. Global Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 17. Global Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales (CAGR) by Region (2020-2031) (Units)
Figure 18. Global Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 19. Global Manhole Inspection Camera System Capacity, Production and Utilization (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 20. Global Manhole Inspection Camera System Production Trend by Region (2020-2031) (Units)
Figure 21. Global Manhole Inspection Camera System Production Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 22. Production Capacity Enablers & Constraints
Figure 23. Manhole Inspection Camera System Production Growth Rate in North America (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 24. Manhole Inspection Camera System Production Growth Rate in Europe (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 25. Manhole Inspection Camera System Production Growth Rate in China (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 26. Manhole Inspection Camera System Production Growth Rate in Japan (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 27. Top 5 and Top 10 Manufacturers Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales Volume Market Share in 2024
Figure 28. Global Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue Market Share Ranking (2024)
Figure 29. Tier Distribution by Revenue Contribution (2020 VS 2024)
Figure 30. Portable Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 31. Vehicle-mounted Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 32. Others Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 33. Type Eight Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 34. Type Nine Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 35. Global Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales Market Share by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 36. Global Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue Market Share by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 37. Global Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales Market Share by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 38. Global Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue Market Share by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 39. North America Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 40. North America Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 41. North America Top 5 Manufacturers Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 42. North America Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales Volume (Units) by Type (2020- 2031)
Figure 43. North America Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020 - 2031)
Figure 44. North America Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales Volume (Units) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 45. North America Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 46. US Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 47. Canada Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 48. Mexico Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 49. Europe Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 50. Europe Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 51. Europe Top 5 Manufacturers Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 52. Europe Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales Volume (Units) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 53. Europe Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 54. Europe Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales Volume (Units) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 55. Europe Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 56. Germany Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 57. France Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 58. U.K. Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 59. Italy Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 60. Russia Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 61. Asia-Pacific Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 62. Asia-Pacific Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 63. Asia-Pacific Top 8 Manufacturers Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 64. Asia-Pacific Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales Volume (Units) by Type (2020- 2031)
Figure 65. Asia-Pacific Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020- 2031)
Figure 66. Asia-Pacific Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales Volume (Units) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 67. Asia-Pacific Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 68. Indonesia Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 69. Japan Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 70. South Korea Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 71. China Taiwan Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 72. India Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 73. Central and South America Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 74. Central and South America Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 75. Central and South America Top 5 Manufacturers Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 76. Central and South America Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales Volume (Units) by Type (2021-2031)
Figure 77. Central and South America Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 78. Central and South America Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales Volume (Units) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 79. Central and South America Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 80. Brazil Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 81. Argentina Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 82. Middle East, and Africa Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 83. Middle East and Africa Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 84. Middle East and Africa Top 5 Manufacturers Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 85. Middle East and Africa Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales Volume (Units) by Type (2021-2031)
Figure 86. South America Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 87. Middle East and Africa Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales Volume (Units) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 88. Middle East and Africa Manhole Inspection Camera System Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 89. GCC Countries Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 90. Turkey Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 91. Egypt Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 92. South Africa Manhole Inspection Camera System Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 93. Manhole Inspection Camera System Industry Chain Mapping
Figure 94. Regional Manhole Inspection Camera System Manufacturing Base Distribution (%)
Figure 95. Manhole Inspection Camera System Production Process
Figure 96. Regional Manhole Inspection Camera System Production Cost Structure
Figure 97. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 98. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 99. Data Triangulation
Figure 100. Key Executives Interviewed