List of Tables
Table 1. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 2. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 3. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production Capacity (Tons) by Manufacturers in 2024
Table 4. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 5. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 6. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production Value by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 8. Global Key Players of Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions, Industry Ranking, 2023 VS 2024
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Production Value in Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions as of 2024)
Table 10. Global Market Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/Ton) & (2020-2025)
Table 11. Global Key Manufacturers of Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions, Product Offered and Application
Table 13. Global Key Manufacturers of Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions, Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 14. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 15. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 16. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 17. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 18. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production Value Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 19. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 20. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 21. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 22. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production (Tons) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 23. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 24. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production (Tons) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 25. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 26. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Market Average Price (US$/Ton) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 27. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Market Average Price (US$/Ton) by Region (2026-2031)
Table 28. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 29. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 30. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 31. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Forecasted Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 32. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2026-2031)
Table 33. North America Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 34. North America Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 35. North America Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 36. Europe Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 37. Europe Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 38. Europe Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 39. Asia Pacific Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 41. Asia Pacific Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 44. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 45. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production (Tons) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 46. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production (Tons) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 47. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 48. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 49. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 50. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 51. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production Value Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 52. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production Value Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 53. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 54. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 55. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production (Tons) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 56. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production (Tons) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 57. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 58. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 59. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 60. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 61. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production Value Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 62. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production Value Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 63. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 64. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 65. Anhui Yishitong Materials Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Company Information
Table 66. Anhui Yishitong Materials Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Specification and Application
Table 67. Anhui Yishitong Materials Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 68. Anhui Yishitong Materials Main Business and Markets Served
Table 69. Anhui Yishitong Materials Recent Developments/Updates
Table 70. Nabaltec Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Company Information
Table 71. Nabaltec Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Specification and Application
Table 72. Nabaltec Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 73. Nabaltec Main Business and Markets Served
Table 74. Nabaltec Recent Developments/Updates
Table 75. Chinalco Zhengzhou Research Institute Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Company Information
Table 76. Chinalco Zhengzhou Research Institute Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Specification and Application
Table 77. Chinalco Zhengzhou Research Institute Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 78. Chinalco Zhengzhou Research Institute Main Business and Markets Served
Table 79. Chinalco Zhengzhou Research Institute Recent Developments/Updates
Table 80. Sasol Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Company Information
Table 81. Sasol Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Specification and Application
Table 82. Sasol Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 83. Sasol Main Business and Markets Served
Table 84. Sasol Recent Developments/Updates
Table 85. Shandong National Porcelain Materials Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Company Information
Table 86. Shandong National Porcelain Materials Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Specification and Application
Table 87. Shandong National Porcelain Materials Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 88. Shandong National Porcelain Materials Main Business and Markets Served
Table 89. Shandong National Porcelain Materials Recent Developments/Updates
Table 90. Putilai Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Company Information
Table 91. Putilai Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Specification and Application
Table 92. Putilai Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 93. Putilai Main Business and Markets Served
Table 94. Putilai Recent Developments/Updates
Table 95. TOR Minerals Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Company Information
Table 96. TOR Minerals Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Specification and Application
Table 97. TOR Minerals Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 98. TOR Minerals Main Business and Markets Served
Table 99. TOR Minerals Recent Developments/Updates
Table 100. Kawai, Japan Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Company Information
Table 101. Kawai, Japan Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Specification and Application
Table 102. Kawai, Japan Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 103. Kawai, Japan Main Business and Markets Served
Table 104. Kawai, Japan Recent Developments/Updates
Table 105. daemyung chemical industry co., ltd. Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Company Information
Table 106. daemyung chemical industry co., ltd. Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Specification and Application
Table 107. daemyung chemical industry co., ltd. Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 108. daemyung chemical industry co., ltd. Main Business and Markets Served
Table 109. daemyung chemical industry co., ltd. Recent Developments/Updates
Table 110. Dequenne Chimie Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Company Information
Table 111. Dequenne Chimie Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Specification and Application
Table 112. Dequenne Chimie Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 113. Dequenne Chimie Main Business and Markets Served
Table 114. Dequenne Chimie Recent Developments/Updates
Table 115. Osang Group Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Company Information
Table 116. Osang Group Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Specification and Application
Table 117. Osang Group Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 118. Osang Group Main Business and Markets Served
Table 119. Osang Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 120. Silkem Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Company Information
Table 121. Silkem Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Specification and Application
Table 122. Silkem Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 123. Silkem Main Business and Markets Served
Table 124. Silkem Recent Developments/Updates
Table 125. KC Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Company Information
Table 126. KC Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Specification and Application
Table 127. KC Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 128. KC Main Business and Markets Served
Table 129. KC Recent Developments/Updates
Table 130. Henan Tianma New Materials Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Company Information
Table 131. Henan Tianma New Materials Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Specification and Application
Table 132. Henan Tianma New Materials Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 133. Henan Tianma New Materials Main Business and Markets Served
Table 134. Henan Tianma New Materials Recent Developments/Updates
Table 135. Shandong Hengjia High Purity Aluminum Industry Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Company Information
Table 136. Shandong Hengjia High Purity Aluminum Industry Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Specification and Application
Table 137. Shandong Hengjia High Purity Aluminum Industry Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 138. Shandong Hengjia High Purity Aluminum Industry Main Business and Markets Served
Table 139. Shandong Hengjia High Purity Aluminum Industry Recent Developments/Updates
Table 140. Luoyang Super League New Materials Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Company Information
Table 141. Luoyang Super League New Materials Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Specification and Application
Table 142. Luoyang Super League New Materials Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 143. Luoyang Super League New Materials Main Business and Markets Served
Table 144. Luoyang Super League New Materials Recent Developments/Updates
Table 145. Nippon Steel & Sumikin Materials Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Company Information
Table 146. Nippon Steel & Sumikin Materials Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Specification and Application
Table 147. Nippon Steel & Sumikin Materials Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 148. Nippon Steel & Sumikin Materials Main Business and Markets Served
Table 149. Nippon Steel & Sumikin Materials Recent Developments/Updates
Table 150. Denka Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Company Information
Table 151. Denka Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Specification and Application
Table 152. Denka Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 153. Denka Main Business and Markets Served
Table 154. Denka Recent Developments/Updates
Table 155. Sibelco Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Company Information
Table 156. Sibelco Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Specification and Application
Table 157. Sibelco Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 158. Sibelco Main Business and Markets Served
Table 159. Sibelco Recent Developments/Updates
Table 160. Dongkuk R&S Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Company Information
Table 161. Dongkuk R&S Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Specification and Application
Table 162. Dongkuk R&S Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 163. Dongkuk R&S Main Business and Markets Served
Table 164. Dongkuk R&S Recent Developments/Updates
Table 165. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 166. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 167. Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Distributors List
Table 168. Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Customers List
Table 169. Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Market Trends
Table 170. Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Market Drivers
Table 171. Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Market Challenges
Table 172. Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Market Restraints
Table 173. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 174. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 175. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 176. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions
Figure 2. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 3. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Market Share by Type: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 4. Silica Powder Material Product Picture
Figure 5. Spherical Alumina Material Product Picture
Figure 6. Boehmite Product Picture
Figure 7. Other Product Picture
Figure 8. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 9. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Market Share by Application: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 10. Chip Packaging
Figure 11. Copper Clad Laminate
Figure 12. Other
Figure 13. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production Value (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 14. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production Value (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 15. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production Capacity (Tons) & (2020-2031)
Figure 16. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production (Tons) & (2020-2031)
Figure 17. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Average Price (US$/Ton) & (2020-2031)
Figure 18. Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Report Years Considered
Figure 19. Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production Share by Manufacturers in 2024
Figure 20. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2024)
Figure 21. Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2020 VS 2024
Figure 22. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Revenue in 2024
Figure 23. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 24. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production Value Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 25. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Figure 26. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 27. North America Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 28. Europe Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 29. China Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 30. Japan Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 31. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Consumption by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Figure 32. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Consumption Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 33. North America Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 34. North America Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 35. U.S. Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 36. Canada Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 37. Europe Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 38. Europe Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 39. Germany Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 40. France Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 41. U.K. Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 42. Italy Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 43. Russia Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 44. Asia Pacific Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 45. Asia Pacific Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 46. China Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 47. Japan Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 48. South Korea Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 49. China Taiwan Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 50. Southeast Asia Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 51. India Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 52. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 53. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 54. Mexico Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 55. Brazil Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 56. Turkey Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 57. GCC Countries Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 58. Global Production Market Share of Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 59. Global Production Value Market Share of Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 60. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 61. Global Production Market Share of Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 62. Global Production Value Market Share of Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 63. Global Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 64. Filling Materials for Electronic Communication Functions Value Chain
Figure 65. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 66. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 67. Data Triangulation
