List of Tables
Table 1. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Table 2. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Table 3. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production by Manufacturers (2019-2024) & (Units)
Table 4. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 5. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production Value by Manufacturers (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 6. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 7. Global Key Players of Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters, Industry Ranking, 2022 VS 2023
Table 8. Global Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Production Value in Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters as of 2023)
Table 9. Global Market Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/Unit) & (2019-2024)
Table 10. Global Key Manufacturers of Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters, Manufacturing Sites & Headquarters
Table 11. Global Key Manufacturers of Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters, Product Type & Application
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters, Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 13. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 14. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 15. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production Value Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 16. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 17. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production Value Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 18. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 19. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 20. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production Comparison by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (Units)
Table 21. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production (Units) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 22. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 23. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production (Units) Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 24. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 25. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 26. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2025-2030)
Table 27. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (Units)
Table 28. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Consumption by Region (2019-2024) & (Units)
Table 29. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Consumption Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 30. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Forecasted Consumption by Region (2025-2030) & (Units)
Table 31. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 32. North America Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (Units)
Table 33. North America Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (Units)
Table 34. North America Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (Units)
Table 35. Europe Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (Units)
Table 36. Europe Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (Units)
Table 37. Europe Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (Units)
Table 38. Asia Pacific Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (Units)
Table 39. Asia Pacific Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Consumption by Region (2019-2024) & (Units)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Consumption by Region (2025-2030) & (Units)
Table 41. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (Units)
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (Units)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (Units)
Table 44. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production (Units) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 45. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production (Units) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 46. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production Market Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 47. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production Market Share by Type (2025-2030)
Table 48. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 49. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 50. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production Value Market Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 51. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production Value Market Share by Type (2025-2030)
Table 52. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 53. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 54. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production (Units) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 55. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production (Units) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 56. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production Market Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 57. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production Market Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 58. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 59. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 60. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production Value Market Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 61. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production Value Market Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 62. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 63. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 64. Sartorius Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Company Information
Table 65. Sartorius Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Specification and Application
Table 66. Sartorius Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 67. Sartorius Main Business and Markets Served
Table 68. Sartorius Recent Developments/Updates
Table 69. Binder GmbH Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Company Information
Table 70. Binder GmbH Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Specification and Application
Table 71. Binder GmbH Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 72. Binder GmbH Main Business and Markets Served
Table 73. Binder GmbH Recent Developments/Updates
Table 74. Eppendorf Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Company Information
Table 75. Eppendorf Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Specification and Application
Table 76. Eppendorf Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 77. Eppendorf Main Business and Markets Served
Table 78. Eppendorf Recent Developments/Updates
Table 79. Thermo Fisher Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Company Information
Table 80. Thermo Fisher Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Specification and Application
Table 81. Thermo Fisher Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 82. Thermo Fisher Main Business and Markets Served
Table 83. Thermo Fisher Recent Developments/Updates
Table 84. Applepack Equipments Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Company Information
Table 85. Applepack Equipments Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Specification and Application
Table 86. Applepack Equipments Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 87. Applepack Equipments Main Business and Markets Served
Table 88. Applepack Equipments Recent Developments/Updates
Table 89. Cytiva(Danaher) Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Company Information
Table 90. Cytiva(Danaher) Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Specification and Application
Table 91. Cytiva(Danaher) Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 92. Cytiva(Danaher) Main Business and Markets Served
Table 93. Cytiva(Danaher) Recent Developments/Updates
Table 94. Merck Millipore Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Company Information
Table 95. Merck Millipore Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Specification and Application
Table 96. Merck Millipore Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 97. Merck Millipore Main Business and Markets Served
Table 98. Merck Millipore Recent Developments/Updates
Table 99. Finesse Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Company Information
Table 100. Finesse Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Specification and Application
Table 101. Finesse Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 102. Finesse Main Business and Markets Served
Table 103. Finesse Recent Developments/Updates
Table 104. LABOAO Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Company Information
Table 105. LABOAO Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Specification and Application
Table 106. LABOAO Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 107. LABOAO Main Business and Markets Served
Table 108. LABOAO Recent Developments/Updates
Table 109. Labfirst Scientific Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Company Information
Table 110. Labfirst Scientific Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Specification and Application
Table 111. Labfirst Scientific Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 112. Labfirst Scientific Main Business and Markets Served
Table 113. Labfirst Scientific Recent Developments/Updates
Table 114. Infors HT Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Company Information
Table 115. Infors HT Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Specification and Application
Table 116. Infors HT Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 117. Infors HT Main Business and Markets Served
Table 118. Infors HT Recent Developments/Updates
Table 119. Holloway America, LLC Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Company Information
Table 120. Holloway America, LLC Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Specification and Application
Table 121. Holloway America, LLC Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 122. Holloway America, LLC Main Business and Markets Served
Table 123. Holloway America, LLC Recent Developments/Updates
Table 124. SOLARIS BIOTECH Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Company Information
Table 125. SOLARIS BIOTECH Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Specification and Application
Table 126. SOLARIS BIOTECH Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 127. SOLARIS BIOTECH Main Business and Markets Served
Table 128. SOLARIS BIOTECH Recent Developments/Updates
Table 129. Amerging Technologies Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Company Information
Table 130. Amerging Technologies Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Specification and Application
Table 131. Amerging Technologies Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 132. Amerging Technologies Main Business and Markets Served
Table 133. Amerging Technologies Recent Developments/Updates
Table 134. Bailun Biotechnology Co.,Ltd Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Company Information
Table 135. Bailun Biotechnology Co.,Ltd Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Specification and Application
Table 136. Bailun Biotechnology Co.,Ltd Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 137. Bailun Biotechnology Co.,Ltd Main Business and Markets Served
Table 138. Bailun Biotechnology Co.,Ltd Recent Developments/Updates
Table 139. Applikon Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Company Information
Table 140. Applikon Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Specification and Application
Table 141. Applikon Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 142. Applikon Main Business and Markets Served
Table 143. Applikon Recent Developments/Updates
Table 144. Esco VacciXcell Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Company Information
Table 145. Esco VacciXcell Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Specification and Application
Table 146. Esco VacciXcell Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 147. Esco VacciXcell Main Business and Markets Served
Table 148. Esco VacciXcell Recent Developments/Updates
Table 149. PBS Biotech Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Company Information
Table 150. PBS Biotech Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Specification and Application
Table 151. PBS Biotech Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 152. PBS Biotech Main Business and Markets Served
Table 153. PBS Biotech Recent Developments/Updates
Table 154. Rotoinox Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Company Information
Table 155. Rotoinox Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Specification and Application
Table 156. Rotoinox Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 157. Rotoinox Main Business and Markets Served
Table 158. Rotoinox Recent Developments/Updates
Table 159. Xiamen CRTOP Machine Co., Ltd Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Company Information
Table 160. Xiamen CRTOP Machine Co., Ltd Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Specification and Application
Table 161. Xiamen CRTOP Machine Co., Ltd Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 162. Xiamen CRTOP Machine Co., Ltd Main Business and Markets Served
Table 163. Xiamen CRTOP Machine Co., Ltd Recent Developments/Updates
Table 164. Sinotech Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Company Information
Table 165. Sinotech Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Specification and Application
Table 166. Sinotech Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 167. Sinotech Main Business and Markets Served
Table 168. Sinotech Recent Developments/Updates
Table 169. EndulusKrom Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Company Information
Table 170. EndulusKrom Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Specification and Application
Table 171. EndulusKrom Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 172. EndulusKrom Main Business and Markets Served
Table 173. EndulusKrom Recent Developments/Updates
Table 174. Bailun Bio Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Company Information
Table 175. Bailun Bio Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Specification and Application
Table 176. Bailun Bio Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 177. Bailun Bio Main Business and Markets Served
Table 178. Bailun Bio Recent Developments/Updates
Table 179. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 180. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 181. Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Distributors List
Table 182. Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Customers List
Table 183. Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Market Trends
Table 184. Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Market Drivers
Table 185. Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Market Challenges
Table 186. Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Market Restraints
Table 187. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 188. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 189. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 190. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters
Figure 2. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Figure 3. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Market Share by Type: 2023 VS 2030
Figure 4. Single-use Equipment ( Plastic Material ) Product Picture
Figure 5. Multi-use Equipment ( Glass or Stainless Steel Material) Product Picture
Figure 6. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Figure 7. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Market Share by Application: 2023 VS 2030
Figure 8. Biopharmaceuticals
Figure 9. Research and Development
Figure 10. Food and Beverage
Figure 11. Bioenergy
Figure 12. Environmental Protection
Figure 13. Others
Figure 14. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production Value (US$ Million), 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 15. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production Value (US$ Million) & (2019-2030)
Figure 16. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production Capacity (Units) & (2019-2030)
Figure 17. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production (Units) & (2019-2030)
Figure 18. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Average Price (US$/Unit) & (2019-2030)
Figure 19. Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Report Years Considered
Figure 20. Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production Share by Manufacturers in 2023
Figure 21. Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2019 VS 2023
Figure 22. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Revenue in 2023
Figure 23. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production Value Comparison by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 24. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production Value Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 25. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production Comparison by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (Units)
Figure 26. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 27. North America Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 28. Europe Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 29. China Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 30. Japan Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 31. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Consumption by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (Units)
Figure 32. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Consumption Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 33. North America Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (Units)
Figure 34. North America Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 35. U.S. Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (Units)
Figure 36. Canada Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (Units)
Figure 37. Europe Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (Units)
Figure 38. Europe Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 39. Germany Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (Units)
Figure 40. France Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (Units)
Figure 41. U.K. Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (Units)
Figure 42. Italy Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (Units)
Figure 43. Netherlands Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (Units)
Figure 44. Asia Pacific Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (Units)
Figure 45. Asia Pacific Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Consumption Market Share by Region (2025-2030)
Figure 46. China Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (Units)
Figure 47. Japan Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (Units)
Figure 48. South Korea Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (Units)
Figure 49. China Taiwan Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (Units)
Figure 50. Southeast Asia Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (Units)
Figure 51. India Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (Units)
Figure 52. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (Units)
Figure 53. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 54. Mexico Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (Units)
Figure 55. Brazil Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (Units)
Figure 56. Turkey Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (Units)
Figure 57. GCC Countries Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (Units)
Figure 58. Global Production Market Share of Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 59. Global Production Value Market Share of Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 60. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 61. Global Production Market Share of Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 62. Global Production Value Market Share of Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 63. Global Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 64. Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Value Chain
Figure 65. Cell Bioreactors and Fermenters Production Process
Figure 66. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 67. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 68. Data Triangulation
