List of Tables
Table 1. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Market Value by Type (US$ Million), 2025 vs 2032
Table 2. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Market Value by Application (US$ Million), 2025 vs 2032
Table 3. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production Capacity (Kilotons) by Manufacturers in 2025
Table 4. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production by Manufacturers (Kilotons), 2021–2026
Table 5. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2021–2026)
Table 6. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production Value by Manufacturers (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 7. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2021–2026)
Table 8. Global Key Players of Aromatic Rubber Process Oils, Industry Ranking, 2024 vs 2025
Table 9. Classification of Companies by Tier (Tier 1, Tier 2, Tier 3), based on Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production Value, 2025
Table 10. Global Market Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/Ton), 2021–2026
Table 11. Global Key Manufacturers of Aromatic Rubber Process Oils, Manufacturing Footprints and Headquarters
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of Aromatic Rubber Process Oils, Product Offerings and Applications
Table 13. Global Key Manufacturers of Aromatic Rubber Process Oils, Date of Entry into the Industry
Table 14. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 15. Mergers & Acquisitions and Expansion Plans
Table 16. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production Value by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (US$ Million)
Table 17. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2021–2026)
Table 18. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production Value Market Share by Region (2021–2026)
Table 19. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2027–2032)
Table 20. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2027–2032)
Table 21. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production Comparison by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (Kilotons)
Table 22. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production (Kilotons) by Region (2021–2026)
Table 23. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production Market Share by Region (2021–2026)
Table 24. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production (Kilotons) Forecast by Region (2027–2032)
Table 25. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2027–2032)
Table 26. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Market Average Price (US$/Ton) by Region (2021–2026)
Table 27. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Market Average Price (US$/Ton) by Region (2027–2032)
Table 28. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (Kilotons)
Table 29. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Consumption by Region (Kilotons), 2021–2026
Table 30. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Consumption Market Share by Region (2021–2026)
Table 31. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Forecasted Consumption by Region (Kilotons), 2027–2032
Table 32. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2027–2032)
Table 33. North America Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (Kilotons)
Table 34. North America Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Consumption by Country (Kilotons), 2021–2026
Table 35. North America Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Consumption by Country (Kilotons), 2027–2032
Table 36. Europe Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (Kilotons)
Table 37. Europe Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Consumption by Country (Kilotons), 2021–2026
Table 38. Europe Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Consumption by Country (Kilotons), 2027–2032
Table 39. Asia Pacific Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (Kilotons)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Consumption by Region (Kilotons), 2021–2026
Table 41. Asia Pacific Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Consumption by Region (Kilotons), 2027–2032
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (Kilotons)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Consumption by Country (Kilotons), 2021–2026
Table 44. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Consumption by Country (Kilotons), 2027–2032
Table 45. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production (Kilotons) by Type (2021–2026)
Table 46. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production (Kilotons) by Type (2027–2032)
Table 47. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production Market Share by Type (2021–2026)
Table 48. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production Market Share by Type (2027–2032)
Table 49. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2021–2026)
Table 50. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2027–2032)
Table 51. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production Value Market Share by Type (2021–2026)
Table 52. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production Value Market Share by Type (2027–2032)
Table 53. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2021–2026)
Table 54. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2027–2032)
Table 55. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production (Kilotons) by Application (2021–2026)
Table 56. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production (Kilotons) by Application (2027–2032)
Table 57. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production Market Share by Application (2021–2026)
Table 58. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production Market Share by Application (2027–2032)
Table 59. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2021–2026)
Table 60. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2027–2032)
Table 61. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production Value Market Share by Application (2021–2026)
Table 62. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production Value Market Share by Application (2027–2032)
Table 63. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2021–2026)
Table 64. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2027–2032)
Table 65. H&R Group Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Company Information
Table 66. H&R Group Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Specification and Application
Table 67. H&R Group Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 68. H&R Group Main Business and Markets Served
Table 69. H&R Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 70. Orgkhim Biochemical Holdings Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Company Information
Table 71. Orgkhim Biochemical Holdings Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Specification and Application
Table 72. Orgkhim Biochemical Holdings Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 73. Orgkhim Biochemical Holdings Main Business and Markets Served
Table 74. Orgkhim Biochemical Holdings Recent Developments/Updates
Table 75. Total Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Company Information
Table 76. Total Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Specification and Application
Table 77. Total Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 78. Total Main Business and Markets Served
Table 79. Total Recent Developments/Updates
Table 80. Repsol Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Company Information
Table 81. Repsol Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Specification and Application
Table 82. Repsol Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 83. Repsol Main Business and Markets Served
Table 84. Repsol Recent Developments/Updates
Table 85. CPC Corporation Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Company Information
Table 86. CPC Corporation Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Specification and Application
Table 87. CPC Corporation Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 88. CPC Corporation Main Business and Markets Served
Table 89. CPC Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
Table 90. IRPC Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Company Information
Table 91. IRPC Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Specification and Application
Table 92. IRPC Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 93. IRPC Main Business and Markets Served
Table 94. IRPC Recent Developments/Updates
Table 95. Shell Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Company Information
Table 96. Shell Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Specification and Application
Table 97. Shell Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 98. Shell Main Business and Markets Served
Table 99. Shell Recent Developments/Updates
Table 100. Nynas Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Company Information
Table 101. Nynas Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Specification and Application
Table 102. Nynas Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 103. Nynas Main Business and Markets Served
Table 104. Nynas Recent Developments/Updates
Table 105. Apar Industries Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Company Information
Table 106. Apar Industries Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Specification and Application
Table 107. Apar Industries Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 108. Apar Industries Main Business and Markets Served
Table 109. Apar Industries Recent Developments/Updates
Table 110. Panama Petrochem Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Company Information
Table 111. Panama Petrochem Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Specification and Application
Table 112. Panama Petrochem Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 113. Panama Petrochem Main Business and Markets Served
Table 114. Panama Petrochem Recent Developments/Updates
Table 115. Hollyfrontier Refining & Marketing Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Company Information
Table 116. Hollyfrontier Refining & Marketing Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Specification and Application
Table 117. Hollyfrontier Refining & Marketing Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 118. Hollyfrontier Refining & Marketing Main Business and Markets Served
Table 119. Hollyfrontier Refining & Marketing Recent Developments/Updates
Table 120. ORLEN Unipetrol Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Company Information
Table 121. ORLEN Unipetrol Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Specification and Application
Table 122. ORLEN Unipetrol Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 123. ORLEN Unipetrol Main Business and Markets Served
Table 124. ORLEN Unipetrol Recent Developments/Updates
Table 125. Behran Oil Company Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Company Information
Table 126. Behran Oil Company Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Specification and Application
Table 127. Behran Oil Company Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 128. Behran Oil Company Main Business and Markets Served
Table 129. Behran Oil Company Recent Developments/Updates
Table 130. Indian Oil Corporation Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Company Information
Table 131. Indian Oil Corporation Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Specification and Application
Table 132. Indian Oil Corporation Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 133. Indian Oil Corporation Main Business and Markets Served
Table 134. Indian Oil Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
Table 135. Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Company Information
Table 136. Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Specification and Application
Table 137. Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 138. Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Main Business and Markets Served
Table 139. Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
Table 140. Idemitsu Kosan Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Company Information
Table 141. Idemitsu Kosan Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Specification and Application
Table 142. Idemitsu Kosan Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 143. Idemitsu Kosan Main Business and Markets Served
Table 144. Idemitsu Kosan Recent Developments/Updates
Table 145. Eagle Petrochem Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Company Information
Table 146. Eagle Petrochem Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Specification and Application
Table 147. Eagle Petrochem Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 148. Eagle Petrochem Main Business and Markets Served
Table 149. Eagle Petrochem Recent Developments/Updates
Table 150. Lodha Petro Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Company Information
Table 151. Lodha Petro Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Specification and Application
Table 152. Lodha Petro Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 153. Lodha Petro Main Business and Markets Served
Table 154. Lodha Petro Recent Developments/Updates
Table 155. Southwestern Petroleum Corporation Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Company Information
Table 156. Southwestern Petroleum Corporation Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Specification and Application
Table 157. Southwestern Petroleum Corporation Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 158. Southwestern Petroleum Corporation Main Business and Markets Served
Table 159. Southwestern Petroleum Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
Table 160. Cross Oil Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Company Information
Table 161. Cross Oil Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Specification and Application
Table 162. Cross Oil Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 163. Cross Oil Main Business and Markets Served
Table 164. Cross Oil Recent Developments/Updates
Table 165. CNOOC Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Company Information
Table 166. CNOOC Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Specification and Application
Table 167. CNOOC Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 168. CNOOC Main Business and Markets Served
Table 169. CNOOC Recent Developments/Updates
Table 170. Shandong Tianyuan Chemical Co. Ltd Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Company Information
Table 171. Shandong Tianyuan Chemical Co. Ltd Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Specification and Application
Table 172. Shandong Tianyuan Chemical Co. Ltd Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 173. Shandong Tianyuan Chemical Co. Ltd Main Business and Markets Served
Table 174. Shandong Tianyuan Chemical Co. Ltd Recent Developments/Updates
Table 175. Suzhou Jiutai Group Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Company Information
Table 176. Suzhou Jiutai Group Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Specification and Application
Table 177. Suzhou Jiutai Group Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 178. Suzhou Jiutai Group Main Business and Markets Served
Table 179. Suzhou Jiutai Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 180. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 181. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 182. Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Distributors List
Table 183. Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Customers List
Table 184. Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Market Trends
Table 185. Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Market Drivers
Table 186. Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Market Challenges
Table 187. Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Market Restraints
Table 188. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 189. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 190. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 191. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Aromatic Rubber Process Oils
Figure 2. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Market Value by Type (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 3. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Market Share by Type: 2025 vs 2032
Figure 4. TDAE Product Picture
Figure 5. MES Product Picture
Figure 6. NAP Product Picture
Figure 7. RAE Product Picture
Figure 8. Others Product Picture
Figure 9. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Market Value by Application (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 10. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Market Share by Application: 2025 vs 2032
Figure 11. Tyre
Figure 12. Non-Tyre
Figure 13. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production Value (US$ Million), 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Figure 14. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production Value (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 15. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production Capacity (Kilotons), 2021–2032
Figure 16. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production (Kilotons), 2021–2032
Figure 17. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Average Price (US$/Ton), 2021–2032
Figure 18. Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Report Years Considered
Figure 19. Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production Share by Manufacturers in 2025
Figure 20. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2025)
Figure 21. Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2021 vs 2025
Figure 22. Top 5 and Top 10 Global Players: Market Share by Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Revenue in 2025
Figure 23. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production Value by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (US$ Million)
Figure 24. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production Value Market Share by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Figure 25. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production Comparison by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (Kilotons)
Figure 26. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production Market Share by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Figure 27. North America Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2021–2032)
Figure 28. Europe Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2021–2032)
Figure 29. China Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2021–2032)
Figure 30. Japan Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2021–2032)
Figure 31. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Consumption by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (Kilotons)
Figure 32. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Consumption Market Share by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Figure 33. North America Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Consumption and Growth Rate (Kilotons), 2021–2032
Figure 34. North America Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Consumption Market Share by Country (2021–2032)
Figure 35. U.S. Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Consumption and Growth Rate (Kilotons), 2021–2032
Figure 36. Canada Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Consumption and Growth Rate (Kilotons), 2021–2032
Figure 37. Europe Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Consumption and Growth Rate (Kilotons), 2021–2032
Figure 38. Europe Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Consumption Market Share by Country (2021–2032)
Figure 39. Germany Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Consumption and Growth Rate (Kilotons), 2021–2032
Figure 40. France Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Consumption and Growth Rate (Kilotons), 2021–2032
Figure 41. U.K. Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Consumption and Growth Rate (Kilotons), 2021–2032
Figure 42. Italy Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Consumption and Growth Rate (Kilotons), 2021–2032
Figure 43. Russia Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Consumption and Growth Rate (Kilotons), 2021–2032
Figure 44. Asia Pacific Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Consumption and Growth Rate (Kilotons), 2021–2032
Figure 45. Asia Pacific Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Consumption Market Share by Region (2021–2032)
Figure 46. China Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Consumption and Growth Rate (Kilotons), 2021–2032
Figure 47. Japan Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Consumption and Growth Rate (Kilotons), 2021–2032
Figure 48. South Korea Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Consumption and Growth Rate (Kilotons), 2021–2032
Figure 49. China Taiwan Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Consumption and Growth Rate (Kilotons), 2021–2032
Figure 50. Southeast Asia Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Consumption and Growth Rate (Kilotons), 2021–2032
Figure 51. India Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Consumption and Growth Rate (Kilotons), 2021–2032
Figure 52. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Consumption and Growth Rate (Kilotons), 2021–2032
Figure 53. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Consumption Market Share by Country (2021–2032)
Figure 54. Mexico Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Consumption and Growth Rate (Kilotons), 2021–2032
Figure 55. Brazil Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Consumption and Growth Rate (Kilotons), 2021–2032
Figure 56. Turkey Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Consumption and Growth Rate (Kilotons), 2021–2032
Figure 57. GCC Countries Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Consumption and Growth Rate (Kilotons), 2021–2032
Figure 58. Global Production Market Share of Aromatic Rubber Process Oils by Type (2021–2032)
Figure 59. Global Production Value Market Share of Aromatic Rubber Process Oils by Type (2021–2032)
Figure 60. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2021–2032)
Figure 61. Global Production Market Share of Aromatic Rubber Process Oils by Application (2021–2032)
Figure 62. Global Production Value Market Share of Aromatic Rubber Process Oils by Application (2021–2032)
Figure 63. Global Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2021–2032)
Figure 64. Aromatic Rubber Process Oils Value Chain
Figure 65. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 66. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 67. Data Triangulation
