List of Tables
Table 1. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Market Value by Type (US$ Million), 2025 vs 2032
Table 2. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Market Value by Application (US$ Million), 2025 vs 2032
Table 3. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production Capacity (K Units) by Manufacturers in 2025
Table 4. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production by Manufacturers (K Units), 2021–2026
Table 5. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2021–2026)
Table 6. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production Value by Manufacturers (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 7. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2021–2026)
Table 8. Global Key Players of Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine, Industry Ranking, 2024 vs 2025
Table 9. Classification of Companies by Tier (Tier 1, Tier 2, Tier 3), based on Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production Value, 2025
Table 10. Global Market Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/Unit), 2021–2026
Table 11. Global Key Manufacturers of Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine, Manufacturing Footprints and Headquarters
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine, Product Offerings and Applications
Table 13. Global Key Manufacturers of Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine, Date of Entry into the Industry
Table 14. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 15. Mergers & Acquisitions and Expansion Plans
Table 16. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production Value by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (US$ Million)
Table 17. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2021–2026)
Table 18. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production Value Market Share by Region (2021–2026)
Table 19. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2027–2032)
Table 20. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2027–2032)
Table 21. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production Comparison by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (K Units)
Table 22. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production (K Units) by Region (2021–2026)
Table 23. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production Market Share by Region (2021–2026)
Table 24. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production (K Units) Forecast by Region (2027–2032)
Table 25. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2027–2032)
Table 26. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2021–2026)
Table 27. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2027–2032)
Table 28. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (K Units)
Table 29. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Consumption by Region (K Units), 2021–2026
Table 30. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Consumption Market Share by Region (2021–2026)
Table 31. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Forecasted Consumption by Region (K Units), 2027–2032
Table 32. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2027–2032)
Table 33. North America Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (K Units)
Table 34. North America Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Consumption by Country (K Units), 2021–2026
Table 35. North America Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Consumption by Country (K Units), 2027–2032
Table 36. Europe Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (K Units)
Table 37. Europe Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Consumption by Country (K Units), 2021–2026
Table 38. Europe Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Consumption by Country (K Units), 2027–2032
Table 39. Asia Pacific Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (K Units)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Consumption by Region (K Units), 2021–2026
Table 41. Asia Pacific Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Consumption by Region (K Units), 2027–2032
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (K Units)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Consumption by Country (K Units), 2021–2026
Table 44. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Consumption by Country (K Units), 2027–2032
Table 45. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production (K Units) by Type (2021–2026)
Table 46. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production (K Units) by Type (2027–2032)
Table 47. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production Market Share by Type (2021–2026)
Table 48. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production Market Share by Type (2027–2032)
Table 49. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2021–2026)
Table 50. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2027–2032)
Table 51. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production Value Market Share by Type (2021–2026)
Table 52. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production Value Market Share by Type (2027–2032)
Table 53. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2021–2026)
Table 54. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2027–2032)
Table 55. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production (K Units) by Application (2021–2026)
Table 56. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production (K Units) by Application (2027–2032)
Table 57. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production Market Share by Application (2021–2026)
Table 58. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production Market Share by Application (2027–2032)
Table 59. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2021–2026)
Table 60. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2027–2032)
Table 61. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production Value Market Share by Application (2021–2026)
Table 62. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production Value Market Share by Application (2027–2032)
Table 63. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2021–2026)
Table 64. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2027–2032)
Table 65. ORT ITALIA Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Company Information
Table 66. ORT ITALIA Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Specification and Application
Table 67. ORT ITALIA Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 68. ORT ITALIA Main Business and Markets Served
Table 69. ORT ITALIA Recent Developments/Updates
Table 70. Thread Form Machine Industries Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Company Information
Table 71. Thread Form Machine Industries Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Specification and Application
Table 72. Thread Form Machine Industries Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 73. Thread Form Machine Industries Main Business and Markets Served
Table 74. Thread Form Machine Industries Recent Developments/Updates
Table 75. Master Exports India Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Company Information
Table 76. Master Exports India Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Specification and Application
Table 77. Master Exports India Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 78. Master Exports India Main Business and Markets Served
Table 79. Master Exports India Recent Developments/Updates
Table 80. Pathak Industries Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Company Information
Table 81. Pathak Industries Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Specification and Application
Table 82. Pathak Industries Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 83. Pathak Industries Main Business and Markets Served
Table 84. Pathak Industries Recent Developments/Updates
Table 85. Sanmei Works Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Company Information
Table 86. Sanmei Works Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Specification and Application
Table 87. Sanmei Works Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 88. Sanmei Works Main Business and Markets Served
Table 89. Sanmei Works Recent Developments/Updates
Table 90. Sakamura Machine Company Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Company Information
Table 91. Sakamura Machine Company Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Specification and Application
Table 92. Sakamura Machine Company Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 93. Sakamura Machine Company Main Business and Markets Served
Table 94. Sakamura Machine Company Recent Developments/Updates
Table 95. Tsugami China Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Company Information
Table 96. Tsugami China Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Specification and Application
Table 97. Tsugami China Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 98. Tsugami China Main Business and Markets Served
Table 99. Tsugami China Recent Developments/Updates
Table 100. National Cutting Tools Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Company Information
Table 101. National Cutting Tools Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Specification and Application
Table 102. National Cutting Tools Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 103. National Cutting Tools Main Business and Markets Served
Table 104. National Cutting Tools Recent Developments/Updates
Table 105. SHENZHEN TOBEST INDUSTRY Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Company Information
Table 106. SHENZHEN TOBEST INDUSTRY Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Specification and Application
Table 107. SHENZHEN TOBEST INDUSTRY Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 108. SHENZHEN TOBEST INDUSTRY Main Business and Markets Served
Table 109. SHENZHEN TOBEST INDUSTRY Recent Developments/Updates
Table 110. Ren County Feiwang Machinery Manufacturing Factory Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Company Information
Table 111. Ren County Feiwang Machinery Manufacturing Factory Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Specification and Application
Table 112. Ren County Feiwang Machinery Manufacturing Factory Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 113. Ren County Feiwang Machinery Manufacturing Factory Main Business and Markets Served
Table 114. Ren County Feiwang Machinery Manufacturing Factory Recent Developments/Updates
Table 115. Shenzhen Shentejia Industry Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Company Information
Table 116. Shenzhen Shentejia Industry Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Specification and Application
Table 117. Shenzhen Shentejia Industry Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 118. Shenzhen Shentejia Industry Main Business and Markets Served
Table 119. Shenzhen Shentejia Industry Recent Developments/Updates
Table 120. Xingtai Yu Gong Machine Tool Factory Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Company Information
Table 121. Xingtai Yu Gong Machine Tool Factory Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Specification and Application
Table 122. Xingtai Yu Gong Machine Tool Factory Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 123. Xingtai Yu Gong Machine Tool Factory Main Business and Markets Served
Table 124. Xingtai Yu Gong Machine Tool Factory Recent Developments/Updates
Table 125. Yieh Chen Machinery Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Company Information
Table 126. Yieh Chen Machinery Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Specification and Application
Table 127. Yieh Chen Machinery Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 128. Yieh Chen Machinery Main Business and Markets Served
Table 129. Yieh Chen Machinery Recent Developments/Updates
Table 130. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 131. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 132. Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Distributors List
Table 133. Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Customers List
Table 134. Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Market Trends
Table 135. Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Market Drivers
Table 136. Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Market Challenges
Table 137. Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Market Restraints
Table 138. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 139. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 140. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 141. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine
Figure 2. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Market Value by Type (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 3. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Market Share by Type: 2025 vs 2032
Figure 4. Semi-automatic Product Picture
Figure 5. Fully Automatic Product Picture
Figure 6. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Market Value by Application (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 7. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Market Share by Application: 2025 vs 2032
Figure 8. Machinery Manufacturing
Figure 9. Automobile and Motorcycle Parts
Figure 10. Construction
Figure 11. Electricity
Figure 12. Others
Figure 13. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production Value (US$ Million), 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Figure 14. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production Value (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 15. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production Capacity (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 16. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 17. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Average Price (US$/Unit), 2021–2032
Figure 18. Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Report Years Considered
Figure 19. Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production Share by Manufacturers in 2025
Figure 20. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2025)
Figure 21. Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2021 vs 2025
Figure 22. Top 5 and Top 10 Global Players: Market Share by Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Revenue in 2025
Figure 23. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production Value by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (US$ Million)
Figure 24. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production Value Market Share by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Figure 25. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production Comparison by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (K Units)
Figure 26. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production Market Share by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Figure 27. North America Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2021–2032)
Figure 28. Europe Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2021–2032)
Figure 29. China Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2021–2032)
Figure 30. Japan Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2021–2032)
Figure 31. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Consumption by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (K Units)
Figure 32. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Consumption Market Share by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Figure 33. North America Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 34. North America Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Consumption Market Share by Country (2021–2032)
Figure 35. U.S. Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 36. Canada Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 37. Europe Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 38. Europe Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Consumption Market Share by Country (2021–2032)
Figure 39. Germany Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 40. France Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 41. U.K. Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 42. Italy Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 43. Russia Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 44. Asia Pacific Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 45. Asia Pacific Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Consumption Market Share by Region (2021–2032)
Figure 46. China Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 47. Japan Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 48. South Korea Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 49. China Taiwan Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 50. Southeast Asia Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 51. India Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 52. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 53. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Consumption Market Share by Country (2021–2032)
Figure 54. Mexico Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 55. Brazil Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 56. Turkey Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 57. GCC Countries Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 58. Global Production Market Share of Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine by Type (2021–2032)
Figure 59. Global Production Value Market Share of Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine by Type (2021–2032)
Figure 60. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2021–2032)
Figure 61. Global Production Market Share of Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine by Application (2021–2032)
Figure 62. Global Production Value Market Share of Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine by Application (2021–2032)
Figure 63. Global Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2021–2032)
Figure 64. Automatic Hydraulic Three-axis Wire Rolling Machine Value Chain
Figure 65. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 66. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 67. Data Triangulation
