List of Tables
Table 1. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Table 2. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Table 3. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production by Manufacturers (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 4. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 5. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production Value by Manufacturers (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 6. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 7. Global Key Players of Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module, Industry Ranking, 2022 VS 2023
Table 8. Global Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Production Value in Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module as of 2023)
Table 9. Global Market Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/Unit) & (2019-2024)
Table 10. Global Key Manufacturers of Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module, Manufacturing Sites & Headquarters
Table 11. Global Key Manufacturers of Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module, Product Type & Application
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module, Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 13. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 14. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 15. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production Value Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 16. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 17. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production Value Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 18. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 19. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 20. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production Comparison by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 21. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production (K Units) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 22. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 23. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production (K Units) Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 24. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 25. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 26. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2025-2030)
Table 27. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 28. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Consumption by Region (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 29. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Consumption Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 30. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Forecasted Consumption by Region (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 31. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 32. North America Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 33. North America Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 34. North America Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 35. Europe Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 36. Europe Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 37. Europe Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 38. Asia Pacific Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 39. Asia Pacific Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Consumption by Region (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Consumption by Region (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 41. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 44. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production (K Units) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 45. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production (K Units) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 46. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production Market Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 47. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production Market Share by Type (2025-2030)
Table 48. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 49. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 50. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production Value Market Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 51. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production Value Market Share by Type (2025-2030)
Table 52. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 53. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 54. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production (K Units) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 55. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production (K Units) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 56. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production Market Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 57. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production Market Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 58. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 59. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 60. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production Value Market Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 61. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production Value Market Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 62. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 63. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 64. Bosch Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Company Information
Table 65. Bosch Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Specification and Application
Table 66. Bosch Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 67. Bosch Main Business and Markets Served
Table 68. Bosch Recent Developments/Updates
Table 69. Continental Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Company Information
Table 70. Continental Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Specification and Application
Table 71. Continental Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 72. Continental Main Business and Markets Served
Table 73. Continental Recent Developments/Updates
Table 74. ZF Friedrichshafen Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Company Information
Table 75. ZF Friedrichshafen Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Specification and Application
Table 76. ZF Friedrichshafen Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 77. ZF Friedrichshafen Main Business and Markets Served
Table 78. ZF Friedrichshafen Recent Developments/Updates
Table 79. Aptiv Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Company Information
Table 80. Aptiv Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Specification and Application
Table 81. Aptiv Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 82. Aptiv Main Business and Markets Served
Table 83. Aptiv Recent Developments/Updates
Table 84. Aisin Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Company Information
Table 85. Aisin Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Specification and Application
Table 86. Aisin Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 87. Aisin Main Business and Markets Served
Table 88. Aisin Recent Developments/Updates
Table 89. Denso Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Company Information
Table 90. Denso Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Specification and Application
Table 91. Denso Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 92. Denso Main Business and Markets Served
Table 93. Denso Recent Developments/Updates
Table 94. Huawei Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Company Information
Table 95. Huawei Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Specification and Application
Table 96. Huawei Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 97. Huawei Main Business and Markets Served
Table 98. Huawei Recent Developments/Updates
Table 99. Samsung Electro-Mechanics Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Company Information
Table 100. Samsung Electro-Mechanics Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Specification and Application
Table 101. Samsung Electro-Mechanics Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 102. Samsung Electro-Mechanics Main Business and Markets Served
Table 103. Samsung Electro-Mechanics Recent Developments/Updates
Table 104. Cadillac Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Company Information
Table 105. Cadillac Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Specification and Application
Table 106. Cadillac Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 107. Cadillac Main Business and Markets Served
Table 108. Cadillac Recent Developments/Updates
Table 109. Huayu Automotive Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Company Information
Table 110. Huayu Automotive Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Specification and Application
Table 111. Huayu Automotive Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 112. Huayu Automotive Main Business and Markets Served
Table 113. Huayu Automotive Recent Developments/Updates
Table 114. Samic Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Company Information
Table 115. Samic Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Specification and Application
Table 116. Samic Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 117. Samic Main Business and Markets Served
Table 118. Samic Recent Developments/Updates
Table 119. Jabil Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Company Information
Table 120. Jabil Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Specification and Application
Table 121. Jabil Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 122. Jabil Main Business and Markets Served
Table 123. Jabil Recent Developments/Updates
Table 124. Sunny Optical Technology Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Company Information
Table 125. Sunny Optical Technology Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Specification and Application
Table 126. Sunny Optical Technology Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 127. Sunny Optical Technology Main Business and Markets Served
Table 128. Sunny Optical Technology Recent Developments/Updates
Table 129. Desay SV Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Company Information
Table 130. Desay SV Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Specification and Application
Table 131. Desay SV Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 132. Desay SV Main Business and Markets Served
Table 133. Desay SV Recent Developments/Updates
Table 134. Ofilm Group Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Company Information
Table 135. Ofilm Group Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Specification and Application
Table 136. Ofilm Group Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 137. Ofilm Group Main Business and Markets Served
Table 138. Ofilm Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 139. Hikvision Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Company Information
Table 140. Hikvision Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Specification and Application
Table 141. Hikvision Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 142. Hikvision Main Business and Markets Served
Table 143. Hikvision Recent Developments/Updates
Table 144. Lianchuang Electronic Technology Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Company Information
Table 145. Lianchuang Electronic Technology Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Specification and Application
Table 146. Lianchuang Electronic Technology Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 147. Lianchuang Electronic Technology Main Business and Markets Served
Table 148. Lianchuang Electronic Technology Recent Developments/Updates
Table 149. Guangzhou Jinghua Precision Optics Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Company Information
Table 150. Guangzhou Jinghua Precision Optics Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Specification and Application
Table 151. Guangzhou Jinghua Precision Optics Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 152. Guangzhou Jinghua Precision Optics Main Business and Markets Served
Table 153. Guangzhou Jinghua Precision Optics Recent Developments/Updates
Table 154. BYD Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Company Information
Table 155. BYD Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Specification and Application
Table 156. BYD Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 157. BYD Main Business and Markets Served
Table 158. BYD Recent Developments/Updates
Table 159. Guangdong Hongjing Optoelectronic Technology Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Company Information
Table 160. Guangdong Hongjing Optoelectronic Technology Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Specification and Application
Table 161. Guangdong Hongjing Optoelectronic Technology Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 162. Guangdong Hongjing Optoelectronic Technology Main Business and Markets Served
Table 163. Guangdong Hongjing Optoelectronic Technology Recent Developments/Updates
Table 164. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 165. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 166. Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Distributors List
Table 167. Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Customers List
Table 168. Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Market Trends
Table 169. Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Market Drivers
Table 170. Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Market Challenges
Table 171. Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Market Restraints
Table 172. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 173. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 174. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 175. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module
Figure 2. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Figure 3. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Market Share by Type: 2023 VS 2030
Figure 4. Standard Panoramic Module Product Picture
Figure 5. High-Precision Panoramic Module Product Picture
Figure 6. Intelligent Panoramic Module Product Picture
Figure 7. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Figure 8. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Market Share by Application: 2023 VS 2030
Figure 9. Passenger Cars
Figure 10. Commercial Vehicles
Figure 11. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production Value (US$ Million), 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 12. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production Value (US$ Million) & (2019-2030)
Figure 13. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production Capacity (K Units) & (2019-2030)
Figure 14. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production (K Units) & (2019-2030)
Figure 15. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Average Price (US$/Unit) & (2019-2030)
Figure 16. Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Report Years Considered
Figure 17. Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production Share by Manufacturers in 2023
Figure 18. Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2019 VS 2023
Figure 19. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Revenue in 2023
Figure 20. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production Value Comparison by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 21. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production Value Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 22. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production Comparison by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Figure 23. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 24. North America Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 25. Europe Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 26. China Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 27. Japan Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 28. South Korea Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 29. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Consumption by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Figure 30. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Consumption Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 31. North America Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 32. North America Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 33. U.S. Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 34. Canada Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 35. Europe Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 36. Europe Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 37. Germany Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 38. France Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 39. U.K. Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 40. Italy Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 41. Netherlands Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 42. Asia Pacific Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 43. Asia Pacific Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Consumption Market Share by Region (2025-2030)
Figure 44. China Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 45. Japan Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 46. South Korea Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 47. China Taiwan Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 48. Southeast Asia Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 49. India Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 50. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 51. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 52. Mexico Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 53. Brazil Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 54. Turkey Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 55. GCC Countries Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 56. Global Production Market Share of Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 57. Global Production Value Market Share of Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 58. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 59. Global Production Market Share of Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 60. Global Production Value Market Share of Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 61. Global Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 62. Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Value Chain
Figure 63. Automotive Panoramic Round-Viewing Module Production Process
Figure 64. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 65. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 66. Data Triangulation
