List of Tables
Table 1. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 2. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 3. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production Capacity (K Metres) by Manufacturers in 2024
Table 4. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (K Metres)
Table 5. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 6. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production Value by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 8. Global Key Players of Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose, Industry Ranking, 2023 VS 2024
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Production Value in Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose as of 2024)
Table 10. Global Market Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/Metre) & (2020-2025)
Table 11. Global Key Manufacturers of Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose, Product Offered and Application
Table 13. Global Key Manufacturers of Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose, Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 14. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 15. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 16. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 17. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 18. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production Value Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 19. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 20. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 21. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Metres)
Table 22. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production (K Metres) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 23. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 24. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production (K Metres) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 25. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 26. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Market Average Price (US$/Metre) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 27. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Market Average Price (US$/Metre) by Region (2026-2031)
Table 28. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Metres)
Table 29. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (K Metres)
Table 30. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 31. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Forecasted Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (K Metres)
Table 32. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2026-2031)
Table 33. North America Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Metres)
Table 34. North America Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Metres)
Table 35. North America Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Metres)
Table 36. Europe Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Metres)
Table 37. Europe Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Metres)
Table 38. Europe Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Metres)
Table 39. Asia Pacific Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Metres)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (K Metres)
Table 41. Asia Pacific Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (K Metres)
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Metres)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Metres)
Table 44. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Metres)
Table 45. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production (K Metres) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 46. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production (K Metres) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 47. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 48. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 49. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 50. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 51. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production Value Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 52. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production Value Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 53. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Price (US$/Metre) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 54. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Price (US$/Metre) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 55. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production (K Metres) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 56. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production (K Metres) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 57. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 58. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 59. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 60. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 61. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production Value Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 62. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production Value Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 63. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Price (US$/Metre) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 64. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Price (US$/Metre) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 65. Nexans Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Company Information
Table 66. Nexans Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Specification and Application
Table 67. Nexans Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production (K Metres), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Metre) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 68. Nexans Main Business and Markets Served
Table 69. Nexans Recent Developments/Updates
Table 70. MKS Instruments Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Company Information
Table 71. MKS Instruments Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Specification and Application
Table 72. MKS Instruments Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production (K Metres), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Metre) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 73. MKS Instruments Main Business and Markets Served
Table 74. MKS Instruments Recent Developments/Updates
Table 75. Grainger Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Company Information
Table 76. Grainger Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Specification and Application
Table 77. Grainger Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production (K Metres), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Metre) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 78. Grainger Main Business and Markets Served
Table 79. Grainger Recent Developments/Updates
Table 80. Omega Flex Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Company Information
Table 81. Omega Flex Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Specification and Application
Table 82. Omega Flex Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production (K Metres), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Metre) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 83. Omega Flex Main Business and Markets Served
Table 84. Omega Flex Recent Developments/Updates
Table 85. BeaconMedaes Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Company Information
Table 86. BeaconMedaes Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Specification and Application
Table 87. BeaconMedaes Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production (K Metres), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Metre) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 88. BeaconMedaes Main Business and Markets Served
Table 89. BeaconMedaes Recent Developments/Updates
Table 90. Technifab Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Company Information
Table 91. Technifab Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Specification and Application
Table 92. Technifab Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production (K Metres), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Metre) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 93. Technifab Main Business and Markets Served
Table 94. Technifab Recent Developments/Updates
Table 95. Concept Group Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Company Information
Table 96. Concept Group Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Specification and Application
Table 97. Concept Group Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production (K Metres), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Metre) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 98. Concept Group Main Business and Markets Served
Table 99. Concept Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 100. Thames Cryogenics Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Company Information
Table 101. Thames Cryogenics Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Specification and Application
Table 102. Thames Cryogenics Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production (K Metres), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Metre) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 103. Thames Cryogenics Main Business and Markets Served
Table 104. Thames Cryogenics Recent Developments/Updates
Table 105. CryoWorks Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Company Information
Table 106. CryoWorks Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Specification and Application
Table 107. CryoWorks Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production (K Metres), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Metre) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 108. CryoWorks Main Business and Markets Served
Table 109. CryoWorks Recent Developments/Updates
Table 110. Demaco Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Company Information
Table 111. Demaco Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Specification and Application
Table 112. Demaco Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production (K Metres), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Metre) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 113. Demaco Main Business and Markets Served
Table 114. Demaco Recent Developments/Updates
Table 115. Cryofab Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Company Information
Table 116. Cryofab Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Specification and Application
Table 117. Cryofab Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production (K Metres), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Metre) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 118. Cryofab Main Business and Markets Served
Table 119. Cryofab Recent Developments/Updates
Table 120. CSM Cryogenic Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Company Information
Table 121. CSM Cryogenic Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Specification and Application
Table 122. CSM Cryogenic Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production (K Metres), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Metre) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 123. CSM Cryogenic Main Business and Markets Served
Table 124. CSM Cryogenic Recent Developments/Updates
Table 125. CoreDux Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Company Information
Table 126. CoreDux Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Specification and Application
Table 127. CoreDux Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production (K Metres), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Metre) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 128. CoreDux Main Business and Markets Served
Table 129. CoreDux Recent Developments/Updates
Table 130. Wessington Cryogenics Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Company Information
Table 131. Wessington Cryogenics Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Specification and Application
Table 132. Wessington Cryogenics Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production (K Metres), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Metre) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 133. Wessington Cryogenics Main Business and Markets Served
Table 134. Wessington Cryogenics Recent Developments/Updates
Table 135. Chart Industries Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Company Information
Table 136. Chart Industries Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Specification and Application
Table 137. Chart Industries Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production (K Metres), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Metre) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 138. Chart Industries Main Business and Markets Served
Table 139. Chart Industries Recent Developments/Updates
Table 140. Acme Cryogenics Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Company Information
Table 141. Acme Cryogenics Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Specification and Application
Table 142. Acme Cryogenics Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production (K Metres), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Metre) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 143. Acme Cryogenics Main Business and Markets Served
Table 144. Acme Cryogenics Recent Developments/Updates
Table 145. Ability Engineering Technology Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Company Information
Table 146. Ability Engineering Technology Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Specification and Application
Table 147. Ability Engineering Technology Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production (K Metres), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Metre) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 148. Ability Engineering Technology Main Business and Markets Served
Table 149. Ability Engineering Technology Recent Developments/Updates
Table 150. The Frost Bite And Company Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Company Information
Table 151. The Frost Bite And Company Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Specification and Application
Table 152. The Frost Bite And Company Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production (K Metres), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Metre) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 153. The Frost Bite And Company Main Business and Markets Served
Table 154. The Frost Bite And Company Recent Developments/Updates
Table 155. KrioSystem Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Company Information
Table 156. KrioSystem Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Specification and Application
Table 157. KrioSystem Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production (K Metres), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Metre) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 158. KrioSystem Main Business and Markets Served
Table 159. KrioSystem Recent Developments/Updates
Table 160. Cryeng Group Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Company Information
Table 161. Cryeng Group Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Specification and Application
Table 162. Cryeng Group Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production (K Metres), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Metre) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 163. Cryeng Group Main Business and Markets Served
Table 164. Cryeng Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 165. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 166. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 167. Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Distributors List
Table 168. Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Customers List
Table 169. Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Market Trends
Table 170. Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Market Drivers
Table 171. Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Market Challenges
Table 172. Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Market Restraints
Table 173. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 174. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 175. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 176. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose
Figure 2. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 3. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Market Share by Type: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 4. Flexible Product Picture
Figure 5. Rigid Product Picture
Figure 6. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 7. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Market Share by Application: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 8. Liquid Helium
Figure 9. Liquid Nitroge
Figure 10. Liquid Argon
Figure 11. Liquid Oxygen
Figure 12. Others
Figure 13. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production Value (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 14. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production Value (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 15. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production Capacity (K Metres) & (2020-2031)
Figure 16. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production (K Metres) & (2020-2031)
Figure 17. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Average Price (US$/Metre) & (2020-2031)
Figure 18. Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Report Years Considered
Figure 19. Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production Share by Manufacturers in 2024
Figure 20. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2024)
Figure 21. Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2020 VS 2024
Figure 22. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Revenue in 2024
Figure 23. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 24. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production Value Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 25. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Metres)
Figure 26. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 27. North America Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 28. Europe Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 29. China Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 30. Japan Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 31. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Consumption by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Metres)
Figure 32. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Consumption Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 33. North America Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Metres)
Figure 34. North America Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 35. U.S. Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Metres)
Figure 36. Canada Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Metres)
Figure 37. Europe Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Metres)
Figure 38. Europe Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 39. Germany Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Metres)
Figure 40. France Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Metres)
Figure 41. U.K. Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Metres)
Figure 42. Italy Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Metres)
Figure 43. Russia Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Metres)
Figure 44. Asia Pacific Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Metres)
Figure 45. Asia Pacific Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 46. China Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Metres)
Figure 47. Japan Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Metres)
Figure 48. South Korea Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Metres)
Figure 49. China Taiwan Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Metres)
Figure 50. Southeast Asia Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Metres)
Figure 51. India Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Metres)
Figure 52. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Metres)
Figure 53. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 54. Mexico Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Metres)
Figure 55. Brazil Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Metres)
Figure 56. Turkey Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Metres)
Figure 57. GCC Countries Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Metres)
Figure 58. Global Production Market Share of Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 59. Global Production Value Market Share of Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 60. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Price (US$/Metre) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 61. Global Production Market Share of Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 62. Global Production Value Market Share of Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 63. Global Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Price (US$/Metre) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 64. Cryogenic Vacuum Transfer Hose Value Chain
Figure 65. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 66. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 67. Data Triangulation
