List of Tables
Table 1. Global L-Menthol Market Size Growth Rate by Type (US$ Million): 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Table 2. Global L-Menthol Market Size Growth by Application (US$ Million): 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Table 3. Global L-Menthol Market Size by Region (US$ Million): 2024 VS 2031
Table 4. Global L-Menthol Sales by Region (2020-2025) & (MT)
Table 5. Global L-Menthol Sales Forecast by Region (2026-2031) & (MT)
Table 6. Global L-Menthol Revenue by Region (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global L-Menthol Revenue Forecast by Region (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 8. Global L-Menthol Sales Volume by Type (2020-2025) & (MT)
Table 9. Global L-Menthol Sales Volume by Type (2026-2031) & (MT)
Table 10. Global L-Menthol Revenue by Type (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 11. Global L-Menthol Revenue Forecast by Type (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 12. Global L-Menthol Sales Volume by Application (2020-2025) & (MT)
Table 13. Global L-Menthol Sales Volume by Application (2026-2031) & (MT)
Table 14. Global L-Menthol Revenue by Application (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 15. Global L-Menthol Revenue by Application (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 16. Global L-Menthol Sales by Manufacturer (2020-2025) & (MT)
Table 17. Global L-Menthol Sales Share by Manufacturer (2020-2025)
Table 18. L-Menthol Revenue by Manufacturer (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 19. L-Menthol Revenue Share by Manufacturer (2020-2025)
Table 20. Key Manufacturers L-Menthol Price (2020-2025) & (USD/Kg)
Table 21. Ranking of Global Top L-Menthol Manufacturers by Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Table 22. Global L-Menthol Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI) & (2020-2025)
Table 23. Global L-Menthol by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in L-Menthol as of 2024)
Table 24. L-Menthol Manufacturers Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table 25. Date of International Manufacturers Enter into L-Menthol Market
Table 26. Manufacturers L-Menthol Product Type and Application
Table 27. Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 28. Agson Global Company Information
Table 29. Agson Global Description and Business Overview
Table 30. Agson Global L-Menthol Product
Table 31. Agson Global L-Menthol Sales (MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 32. Agson Global Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Product in 2024
Table 33. Agson Global Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Application in 2024
Table 34. Agson Global Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 35. Agson Global Recent Developments
Table 36. Symrise AG Company Information
Table 37. Symrise AG Description and Business Overview
Table 38. Symrise AG L-Menthol Product
Table 39. Symrise AG L-Menthol Sales (MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 40. Symrise AG Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Product in 2024
Table 41. Symrise AG Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Application in 2024
Table 42. Symrise AG Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 43. Symrise AG Recent Developments
Table 44. Nantong Menthol Factory Company Information
Table 45. Nantong Menthol Factory Description and Business Overview
Table 46. Nantong Menthol Factory L-Menthol Product
Table 47. Nantong Menthol Factory L-Menthol Sales (MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 48. Nantong Menthol Factory Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Product in 2024
Table 49. Nantong Menthol Factory Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Application in 2024
Table 50. Nantong Menthol Factory Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 51. Nantong Menthol Factory Recent Developments
Table 52. Takasago Company Information
Table 53. Takasago Description and Business Overview
Table 54. Takasago L-Menthol Product
Table 55. Takasago L-Menthol Sales (MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 56. Takasago Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Product in 2024
Table 57. Takasago Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Application in 2024
Table 58. Takasago Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 59. Takasago Recent Developments
Table 60. Tienyuan Chem Company Information
Table 61. Tienyuan Chem Description and Business Overview
Table 62. Tienyuan Chem L-Menthol Product
Table 63. Tienyuan Chem L-Menthol Sales (MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 64. Tienyuan Chem Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Product in 2024
Table 65. Tienyuan Chem Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Application in 2024
Table 66. Tienyuan Chem Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 67. Tienyuan Chem Recent Developments
Table 68. Arora Aromatics Company Information
Table 69. Arora Aromatics Description and Business Overview
Table 70. Arora Aromatics L-Menthol Product
Table 71. Arora Aromatics L-Menthol Sales (MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 72. Arora Aromatics Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Product in 2024
Table 73. Arora Aromatics Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Application in 2024
Table 74. Arora Aromatics Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 75. Arora Aromatics Recent Developments
Table 76. Fengle Perfume Company Information
Table 77. Fengle Perfume Description and Business Overview
Table 78. Fengle Perfume L-Menthol Product
Table 79. Fengle Perfume L-Menthol Sales (MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 80. Fengle Perfume Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Product in 2024
Table 81. Fengle Perfume Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Application in 2024
Table 82. Fengle Perfume Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 83. Fengle Perfume Recent Developments
Table 84. Swati Menthol & Allied Chem Company Information
Table 85. Swati Menthol & Allied Chem Description and Business Overview
Table 86. Swati Menthol & Allied Chem L-Menthol Product
Table 87. Swati Menthol & Allied Chem L-Menthol Sales (MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 88. Swati Menthol & Allied Chem Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Product in 2024
Table 89. Swati Menthol & Allied Chem Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Application in 2024
Table 90. Swati Menthol & Allied Chem Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 91. Swati Menthol & Allied Chem Recent Developments
Table 92. NecLife Company Information
Table 93. NecLife Description and Business Overview
Table 94. NecLife L-Menthol Product
Table 95. NecLife L-Menthol Sales (MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 96. NecLife Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Product in 2024
Table 97. NecLife Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Application in 2024
Table 98. NecLife Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 99. NecLife Recent Developments
Table 100. Bhagat Aromatics Company Information
Table 101. Bhagat Aromatics Description and Business Overview
Table 102. Bhagat Aromatics L-Menthol Product
Table 103. Bhagat Aromatics L-Menthol Sales (MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 104. Bhagat Aromatics Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Product in 2024
Table 105. Bhagat Aromatics Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Application in 2024
Table 106. Bhagat Aromatics Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 107. Bhagat Aromatics Recent Developments
Table 108. KM Chemicals Company Information
Table 109. KM Chemicals Description and Business Overview
Table 110. KM Chemicals L-Menthol Product
Table 111. KM Chemicals L-Menthol Sales (MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 112. KM Chemicals Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Product in 2024
Table 113. KM Chemicals Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Application in 2024
Table 114. KM Chemicals Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 115. KM Chemicals Recent Developments
Table 116. Silverline Chemicals Company Information
Table 117. Silverline Chemicals Description and Business Overview
Table 118. Silverline Chemicals L-Menthol Product
Table 119. Silverline Chemicals L-Menthol Sales (MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 120. Silverline Chemicals Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Product in 2024
Table 121. Silverline Chemicals Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Application in 2024
Table 122. Silverline Chemicals Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 123. Silverline Chemicals Recent Developments
Table 124. Yinfeng Pharma Company Information
Table 125. Yinfeng Pharma Description and Business Overview
Table 126. Yinfeng Pharma L-Menthol Product
Table 127. Yinfeng Pharma L-Menthol Sales (MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 128. Yinfeng Pharma Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Product in 2024
Table 129. Yinfeng Pharma Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Application in 2024
Table 130. Yinfeng Pharma Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 131. Yinfeng Pharma Recent Developments
Table 132. Great Nation Essential Oils Company Information
Table 133. Great Nation Essential Oils Description and Business Overview
Table 134. Great Nation Essential Oils L-Menthol Product
Table 135. Great Nation Essential Oils L-Menthol Sales (MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 136. Great Nation Essential Oils Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Product in 2024
Table 137. Great Nation Essential Oils Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Application in 2024
Table 138. Great Nation Essential Oils Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 139. Great Nation Essential Oils Recent Developments
Table 140. Xiangsheng Perfume Company Information
Table 141. Xiangsheng Perfume Description and Business Overview
Table 142. Xiangsheng Perfume L-Menthol Product
Table 143. Xiangsheng Perfume L-Menthol Sales (MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 144. Xiangsheng Perfume Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Product in 2024
Table 145. Xiangsheng Perfume Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Application in 2024
Table 146. Xiangsheng Perfume Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 147. Xiangsheng Perfume Recent Developments
Table 148. BASF Company Information
Table 149. BASF Description and Business Overview
Table 150. BASF L-Menthol Product
Table 151. BASF L-Menthol Sales (MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 152. BASF Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Product in 2024
Table 153. BASF Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Application in 2024
Table 154. BASF Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 155. BASF Recent Developments
Table 156. Ifan Chem Company Information
Table 157. Ifan Chem Description and Business Overview
Table 158. Ifan Chem L-Menthol Product
Table 159. Ifan Chem L-Menthol Sales (MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 160. Ifan Chem Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Product in 2024
Table 161. Ifan Chem Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Application in 2024
Table 162. Ifan Chem Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 163. Ifan Chem Recent Developments
Table 164. Mentha & Allied Products Company Information
Table 165. Mentha & Allied Products Description and Business Overview
Table 166. Mentha & Allied Products L-Menthol Product
Table 167. Mentha & Allied Products L-Menthol Sales (MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 168. Mentha & Allied Products Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Product in 2024
Table 169. Mentha & Allied Products Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Application in 2024
Table 170. Mentha & Allied Products Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 171. Mentha & Allied Products Recent Developments
Table 172. Neeru Enterprises Company Information
Table 173. Neeru Enterprises Description and Business Overview
Table 174. Neeru Enterprises L-Menthol Product
Table 175. Neeru Enterprises L-Menthol Sales (MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 176. Neeru Enterprises Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Product in 2024
Table 177. Neeru Enterprises Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Application in 2024
Table 178. Neeru Enterprises Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 179. Neeru Enterprises Recent Developments
Table 180. Vinayak Company Information
Table 181. Vinayak Description and Business Overview
Table 182. Vinayak L-Menthol Product
Table 183. Vinayak L-Menthol Sales (MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 184. Vinayak Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Product in 2024
Table 185. Vinayak Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Application in 2024
Table 186. Vinayak Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 187. Vinayak Recent Developments
Table 188. Hindustan Mint & Agro Products Company Information
Table 189. Hindustan Mint & Agro Products Description and Business Overview
Table 190. Hindustan Mint & Agro Products L-Menthol Product
Table 191. Hindustan Mint & Agro Products L-Menthol Sales (MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 192. Hindustan Mint & Agro Products Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Product in 2024
Table 193. Hindustan Mint & Agro Products Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Application in 2024
Table 194. Hindustan Mint & Agro Products Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 195. Hindustan Mint & Agro Products Recent Developments
Table 196. A.G. Industries Company Information
Table 197. A.G. Industries Description and Business Overview
Table 198. A.G. Industries L-Menthol Product
Table 199. A.G. Industries L-Menthol Sales (MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 200. A.G. Industries Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Product in 2024
Table 201. A.G. Industries Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Application in 2024
Table 202. A.G. Industries Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 203. A.G. Industries Recent Developments
Table 204. WanHua Chemical Company Information
Table 205. WanHua Chemical Description and Business Overview
Table 206. WanHua Chemical L-Menthol Product
Table 207. WanHua Chemical L-Menthol Sales (MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 208. WanHua Chemical Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Product in 2024
Table 209. WanHua Chemical Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Application in 2024
Table 210. WanHua Chemical Sales Proportion of L-Menthol by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 211. WanHua Chemical Recent Developments
Table 212. North America L-Menthol Sales by Country (2020-2025) & (MT)
Table 213. North America L-Menthol Sales by Country (2026-2031) & (MT)
Table 214. North America L-Menthol Revenue by Country (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 215. North America L-Menthol Revenue by Country (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 216. North America L-Menthol Sales by Type (2020-2025) & (MT)
Table 217. North America L-Menthol Sales by Application (2020-2025) & (MT)
Table 218. Asia-Pacific L-Menthol Sales by Region (2020-2025) & (MT)
Table 219. Asia-Pacific L-Menthol Sales by Region (2026-2031) & (MT)
Table 220. Asia-Pacific L-Menthol Revenue by Region (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 221. Asia-Pacific L-Menthol Revenue by Region (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 222. Asia-Pacific L-Menthol Sales by Type (2020-2025) & (MT)
Table 223. Asia-Pacific L-Menthol Sales by Application (2020-2025) & (MT)
Table 224. Europe L-Menthol Sales by Country (2020-2025) & (MT)
Table 225. Europe L-Menthol Sales by Country (2026-2031) & (MT)
Table 226. Europe L-Menthol Revenue by Country (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 227. Europe L-Menthol Revenue by Country (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 228. Europe L-Menthol Sales by Type (2020-2025) & (MT)
Table 229. Europe L-Menthol Sales by Application (2020-2025) & (MT)
Table 230. Latin America L-Menthol Sales by Country (2020-2025) & (MT)
Table 231. Latin America L-Menthol Sales by Country (2026-2031) & (MT)
Table 232. Latin America L-Menthol Revenue by Country (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 233. Latin America L-Menthol Revenue by Country (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 234. Latin America L-Menthol Sales by Type (2020-2025) & (MT)
Table 235. Latin America L-Menthol Sales by Application (2020-2025) & (MT)
Table 236. Middle East and Africa L-Menthol Sales by Country (2020-2025) & (MT)
Table 237. Middle East and Africa L-Menthol Sales by Country (2026-2031) & (MT)
Table 238. Middle East and Africa L-Menthol Revenue by Country (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 239. Middle East and Africa L-Menthol Revenue by Country (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 240. Middle East and Africa L-Menthol Sales by Type (2020-2025) & (MT)
Table 241. Middle East and Africa L-Menthol Sales by Application (2020-2025) & (MT)
Table 242. L-Menthol Key Raw Materials, Industry Status and Trend
Table 243. L-Menthol Key Raw Materials and Upstream Suppliers
Table 244. L-Menthol Clients Status and Trend
Table 245. L-Menthol Typical Clients
Table 246. L-Menthol Distributors
Table 247. L-Menthol Market Trends
Table 248. L-Menthol Market Drivers
Table 249. L-Menthol Market Challenges
Table 250. L-Menthol Market Restraints
Table 251. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 252. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 253. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 254. QYR Business Unit and Senior & Team Lead Analysts
List of Figures
Figure 1. L-Menthol Product Picture
Figure 2. Global L-Menthol Market Size by Type (US$ Million): 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 3. Global L-Menthol Sales Market Share by Type in 2024 & 2031
Figure 4. Natural Type Product Picture
Figure 5. Synthetic Type Product Picture
Figure 6. Global L-Menthol Market Size by Application (US$ Million): 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 7. Global L-Menthol Sales Market Share by Application in 2024 & 2031
Figure 8. Oral Hygiene
Figure 9. Medicine
Figure 10. Tobacco
Figure 11. Confectionaries
Figure 12. Others
Figure 13. L-Menthol Report Years Considered
Figure 14. Global L-Menthol Revenue, (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 15. Global L-Menthol Market Size 2020-2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 16. Global L-Menthol Sales 2020-2031 (MT)
Figure 17. Global L-Menthol Sales Market Share Forecast by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 18. Global L-Menthol Revenue Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 19. Global L-Menthol Sales Market Share Forecast by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 20. Global L-Menthol Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 21. L-Menthol Average Selling Price (ASP) by Type (2020-2025) & (USD/Kg)
Figure 22. Global L-Menthol Sales Market Share Forecast by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 23. Global L-Menthol Revenue Market Share Forecast by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 24. L-Menthol Average Selling Price (ASP) by Application (2020-2025) & (USD/Kg)
Figure 25. Natural Type of L-Menthol Revenue Market Share by Application, 2024 VS 2031
Figure 26. Synthetic Type of L-Menthol Revenue Market Share by Application, 2024 VS 2031
Figure 27. Global L-Menthol Sales Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 28. L-Menthol Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2020 VS 2024
Figure 29. Natural Type Market Sales Proportion by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 30. Synthetic Type Market Sales Proportion by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 31. North America L-Menthol Revenue 2020-2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 32. North America L-Menthol Sales Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Figure 33. North America L-Menthol Sales Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Figure 34. Asia-Pacific L-Menthol Revenue 2020-2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 35. Asia-Pacific L-Menthol Sales Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 36. Asia-Pacific L-Menthol Revenue Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 37. Asia-Pacific L-Menthol Sales Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Figure 38. Asia-Pacific L-Menthol Sales Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Figure 39. Europe L-Menthol Revenue Growth Rate 2020-2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 40. Europe L-Menthol Sales Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 41. Europe L-Menthol Revenue Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 42. Europe L-Menthol Sales Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Figure 43. Europe L-Menthol Sales Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Figure 44. Latin America L-Menthol Revenue Growth Rate 2020-2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 45. Latin America L-Menthol Sales Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 46. Latin America L-Menthol Revenue Market Share by Country (2020-2025)
Figure 47. Latin America L-Menthol Sales Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Figure 48. Latin America L-Menthol Sales Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Figure 49. Middle East and Africa L-Menthol Revenue Growth Rate 2020-2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 50. Middle East and Africa L-Menthol Sales Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 51. Middle East and Africa L-Menthol Revenue Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 52. Middle East and Africa L-Menthol Sales Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Figure 53. Middle East and Africa L-Menthol Sales Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Figure 54. L-Menthol Supply Chain (Upstream and Downstream Market)
Figure 55. Global Production Market Share of L-Menthol Raw Materials by Region in 2024
Figure 56. L-Menthol Distribution Channels
Figure 57. Global L-Menthol Percentage 2020-2031: Indirect Sales VS Direct Sales
Figure 58. Global L-Menthol Percentage 2020-2031: Online Sales VS Offline Sales
Figure 59. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 60. Data Triangulation
Figure 61. Key Executives Interviewed