List of Tables
Table 1. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 2. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 3. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production Capacity (K Units) by Manufacturers in 2024
Table 4. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 5. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 6. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production Value by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 8. Global Key Players of Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), Industry Ranking, 2023 VS 2024
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Production Value in Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) as of 2024)
Table 10. Global Market Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/Unit) & (2020-2025)
Table 11. Global Key Manufacturers of Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), Product Offered and Application
Table 13. Global Key Manufacturers of Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 14. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 15. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 16. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 17. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 18. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production Value Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 19. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 20. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 21. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 22. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production (K Units) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 23. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 24. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production (K Units) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 25. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 26. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 27. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2026-2031)
Table 28. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 29. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 30. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 31. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Forecasted Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 32. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2026-2031)
Table 33. North America Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 34. North America Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 35. North America Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 36. Europe Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 37. Europe Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 38. Europe Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 39. Asia Pacific Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 41. Asia Pacific Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 44. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 45. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production (K Units) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 46. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production (K Units) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 47. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 48. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 49. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 50. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 51. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production Value Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 52. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production Value Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 53. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 54. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 55. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production (K Units) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 56. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production (K Units) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 57. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 58. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 59. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 60. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 61. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production Value Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 62. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production Value Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 63. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 64. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 65. Mobileye Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Company Information
Table 66. Mobileye Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Specification and Application
Table 67. Mobileye Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 68. Mobileye Main Business and Markets Served
Table 69. Mobileye Recent Developments/Updates
Table 70. Delphi Technologies Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Company Information
Table 71. Delphi Technologies Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Specification and Application
Table 72. Delphi Technologies Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 73. Delphi Technologies Main Business and Markets Served
Table 74. Delphi Technologies Recent Developments/Updates
Table 75. Autoliv Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Company Information
Table 76. Autoliv Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Specification and Application
Table 77. Autoliv Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 78. Autoliv Main Business and Markets Served
Table 79. Autoliv Recent Developments/Updates
Table 80. Valeo Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Company Information
Table 81. Valeo Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Specification and Application
Table 82. Valeo Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 83. Valeo Main Business and Markets Served
Table 84. Valeo Recent Developments/Updates
Table 85. Foresight Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Company Information
Table 86. Foresight Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Specification and Application
Table 87. Foresight Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 88. Foresight Main Business and Markets Served
Table 89. Foresight Recent Developments/Updates
Table 90. Continental AG Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Company Information
Table 91. Continental AG Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Specification and Application
Table 92. Continental AG Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 93. Continental AG Main Business and Markets Served
Table 94. Continental AG Recent Developments/Updates
Table 95. Bosch Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Company Information
Table 96. Bosch Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Specification and Application
Table 97. Bosch Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 98. Bosch Main Business and Markets Served
Table 99. Bosch Recent Developments/Updates
Table 100. Magna Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Company Information
Table 101. Magna Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Specification and Application
Table 102. Magna Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 103. Magna Main Business and Markets Served
Table 104. Magna Recent Developments/Updates
Table 105. Denso Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Company Information
Table 106. Denso Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Specification and Application
Table 107. Denso Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 108. Denso Main Business and Markets Served
Table 109. Denso Recent Developments/Updates
Table 110. Faurecia Clarion Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Company Information
Table 111. Faurecia Clarion Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Specification and Application
Table 112. Faurecia Clarion Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 113. Faurecia Clarion Main Business and Markets Served
Table 114. Faurecia Clarion Recent Developments/Updates
Table 115. Horizon Robotics Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Company Information
Table 116. Horizon Robotics Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Specification and Application
Table 117. Horizon Robotics Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 118. Horizon Robotics Main Business and Markets Served
Table 119. Horizon Robotics Recent Developments/Updates
Table 120. Autocruis Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Company Information
Table 121. Autocruis Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Specification and Application
Table 122. Autocruis Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 123. Autocruis Main Business and Markets Served
Table 124. Autocruis Recent Developments/Updates
Table 125. Roadefend Vision Technology Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Company Information
Table 126. Roadefend Vision Technology Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Specification and Application
Table 127. Roadefend Vision Technology Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 128. Roadefend Vision Technology Main Business and Markets Served
Table 129. Roadefend Vision Technology Recent Developments/Updates
Table 130. Minieye Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Company Information
Table 131. Minieye Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Specification and Application
Table 132. Minieye Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 133. Minieye Main Business and Markets Served
Table 134. Minieye Recent Developments/Updates
Table 135. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 136. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 137. Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Distributors List
Table 138. Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Customers List
Table 139. Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Market Trends
Table 140. Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Market Drivers
Table 141. Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Market Challenges
Table 142. Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Market Restraints
Table 143. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 144. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 145. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 146. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS)
Figure 2. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 3. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Market Share by Type: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 4. Automotive Cameras Product Picture
Figure 5. Camera Modules Product Picture
Figure 6. Others Product Picture
Figure 7. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 8. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Market Share by Application: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 9. Passenger Vehicle
Figure 10. Commercial Vehicle
Figure 11. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production Value (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 12. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production Value (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 13. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production Capacity (K Units) & (2020-2031)
Figure 14. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production (K Units) & (2020-2031)
Figure 15. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Average Price (US$/Unit) & (2020-2031)
Figure 16. Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Report Years Considered
Figure 17. Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production Share by Manufacturers in 2024
Figure 18. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2024)
Figure 19. Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2020 VS 2024
Figure 20. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Revenue in 2024
Figure 21. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 22. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production Value Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 23. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Figure 24. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 25. North America Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 26. Europe Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 27. China Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 28. Japan Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 29. South Korea Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 30. India Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 31. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Consumption by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Figure 32. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Consumption Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 33. North America Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 34. North America Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 35. U.S. Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 36. Canada Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 37. Europe Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 38. Europe Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 39. Germany Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 40. France Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 41. U.K. Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 42. Italy Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 43. Netherlands Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 44. Asia Pacific Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 45. Asia Pacific Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 46. China Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 47. Japan Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 48. South Korea Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 49. China Taiwan Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 50. Southeast Asia Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 51. India Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 52. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 53. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 54. Mexico Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 55. Brazil Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 56. Turkey Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 57. GCC Countries Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 58. Global Production Market Share of Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 59. Global Production Value Market Share of Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 60. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 61. Global Production Market Share of Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 62. Global Production Value Market Share of Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 63. Global Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 64. Vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Value Chain
Figure 65. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 66. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 67. Data Triangulation