List of Tables
Table 1. Global Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 2. Global Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 3. Global Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 4. Global Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Revenue by Region (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 5. Global Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Revenue by Region (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 6. Global Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Table 7. Global Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales by Region (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 8. Global Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales by Region (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 9. Emerging Market Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 10. Global Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Production Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Table 11. Global Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Production by Region (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 12. Global Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Production by Region (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 13. Global Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 14. Global Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 15. Global Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Revenue by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 16. Global Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 17. Global Key Manufacturers’Ranking Shift (2023 vs. 2024) (Based on Revenue)
Table 18. Global Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials by Manufacturer Tier (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials as of 2024)
Table 19. Global Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Average Gross Margin (%) by Manufacturer (2020 VS 2024)
Table 20. Global Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Average Selling Price (ASP) by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$/Unit)
Table 21. Key Manufacturers Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Manufacturing Base and Headquarters
Table 22. Global Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 23. Key Market Entrant/Exit (2020-2024) – Drivers & Impact Analysis
Table 24. Key Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans, R&D Investment
Table 25. Global Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales by Type (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 26. Global Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales by Type (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 27. Global Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Revenue by Type (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 28. Global Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Revenue by Type (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 29. Global Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials ASP by Type (2020-2031) & (US$/Unit)
Table 30. Technical Specifications by Key Product Type
Table 31. Global Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales by Application (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 32. Global Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales by Application (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 33. Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials High-Growth Sectors Demand CAGR (2024-2031)
Table 34. Global Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Revenue by Application (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 35. Global Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Revenue by Application (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 36. Global Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials ASP by Application (2020-2031) & (US$/Unit)
Table 37. Top Customers by Region
Table 38. Top Customers by Application
Table 39. North America Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Growth Accelerators and Market Barriers
Table 40. North America Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 41. North America Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales (Units) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
Table 42. Europe Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Growth Accelerators and Market Barriers
Table 43. Europe Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 44. Europe Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales (Units) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
Table 45. Asia-Pacific Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 46. Asia-Pacific Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales (Units) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
Table 47. Asia-Pacific Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Growth Accelerators and Market Barriers
Table 48. Southeast Asia Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 49. Central and South America Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Investment Opportunities and Key Challenges
Table 50. Central and South America Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 51. Middle East and Africa Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Investment Opportunities and Key Challenges
Table 52. Middle East and Africa Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 53. ABB Corporation Information
Table 54. ABB Description and Major Businesses
Table 55. ABB Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 56. ABB Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 57. ABB Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 58. ABB Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 59. ABB Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 60. ABB Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials SWOT Analysis
Table 61. ABB Recent Developments
Table 62. Siemens Corporation Information
Table 63. Siemens Description and Major Businesses
Table 64. Siemens Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 65. Siemens Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 66. Siemens Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 67. Siemens Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 68. Siemens Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 69. Siemens Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials SWOT Analysis
Table 70. Siemens Recent Developments
Table 71. Schneider Electric Corporation Information
Table 72. Schneider Electric Description and Major Businesses
Table 73. Schneider Electric Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 74. Schneider Electric Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 75. Schneider Electric Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 76. Schneider Electric Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 77. Schneider Electric Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 78. Schneider Electric Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials SWOT Analysis
Table 79. Schneider Electric Recent Developments
Table 80. Hainan Jinpan Smart Technology Co., Ltd. Corporation Information
Table 81. Hainan Jinpan Smart Technology Co., Ltd. Description and Major Businesses
Table 82. Hainan Jinpan Smart Technology Co., Ltd. Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 83. Hainan Jinpan Smart Technology Co., Ltd. Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 84. Hainan Jinpan Smart Technology Co., Ltd. Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 85. Hainan Jinpan Smart Technology Co., Ltd. Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 86. Hainan Jinpan Smart Technology Co., Ltd. Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 87. Hainan Jinpan Smart Technology Co., Ltd. Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials SWOT Analysis
Table 88. Hainan Jinpan Smart Technology Co., Ltd. Recent Developments
Table 89. Newonder Special Electric Co.,Ltd. Corporation Information
Table 90. Newonder Special Electric Co.,Ltd. Description and Major Businesses
Table 91. Newonder Special Electric Co.,Ltd. Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 92. Newonder Special Electric Co.,Ltd. Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 93. Newonder Special Electric Co.,Ltd. Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 94. Newonder Special Electric Co.,Ltd. Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 95. Newonder Special Electric Co.,Ltd. Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 96. Newonder Special Electric Co.,Ltd. Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials SWOT Analysis
Table 97. Newonder Special Electric Co.,Ltd. Recent Developments
Table 98. Shanghai Beibian Technology Co., Ltd. Corporation Information
Table 99. Shanghai Beibian Technology Co., Ltd. Description and Major Businesses
Table 100. Shanghai Beibian Technology Co., Ltd. Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 101. Shanghai Beibian Technology Co., Ltd. Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 102. Shanghai Beibian Technology Co., Ltd. Recent Developments
Table 103. China Electric Equipment Group Co.,Ltd. Corporation Information
Table 104. China Electric Equipment Group Co.,Ltd. Description and Major Businesses
Table 105. China Electric Equipment Group Co.,Ltd. Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 106. China Electric Equipment Group Co.,Ltd. Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 107. China Electric Equipment Group Co.,Ltd. Recent Developments
Table 108. Eaglerise Electric&Electronic(China)Co.,Ltd. Corporation Information
Table 109. Eaglerise Electric&Electronic(China)Co.,Ltd. Description and Major Businesses
Table 110. Eaglerise Electric&Electronic(China)Co.,Ltd. Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 111. Eaglerise Electric&Electronic(China)Co.,Ltd. Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 112. Eaglerise Electric&Electronic(China)Co.,Ltd. Recent Developments
Table 113. ZTELEC GROUP Corporation Information
Table 114. ZTELEC GROUP Description and Major Businesses
Table 115. ZTELEC GROUP Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 116. ZTELEC GROUP Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 117. ZTELEC GROUP Recent Developments
Table 118. Baoding Tianwei Shunda Transformer Co.,Ltd. Corporation Information
Table 119. Baoding Tianwei Shunda Transformer Co.,Ltd. Description and Major Businesses
Table 120. Baoding Tianwei Shunda Transformer Co.,Ltd. Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 121. Baoding Tianwei Shunda Transformer Co.,Ltd. Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 122. Baoding Tianwei Shunda Transformer Co.,Ltd. Recent Developments
Table 123. Jiangsu Yawei Transformer Co.,Ltd. Corporation Information
Table 124. Jiangsu Yawei Transformer Co.,Ltd. Description and Major Businesses
Table 125. Jiangsu Yawei Transformer Co.,Ltd. Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 126. Jiangsu Yawei Transformer Co.,Ltd. Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 127. Jiangsu Yawei Transformer Co.,Ltd. Recent Developments
Table 128. Zhongnuo Electric Technology Corporation Information
Table 129. Zhongnuo Electric Technology Description and Major Businesses
Table 130. Zhongnuo Electric Technology Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 131. Zhongnuo Electric Technology Capacity, Sales (Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 132. Zhongnuo Electric Technology Recent Developments
Table 133. Key Raw Materials Distribution
Table 134. Raw Materials Key Suppliers
Table 135. Critical Raw Material Supplier Concentration (2024) & Risk Index
Table 136. Milestones in Production Technology Evolution
Table 137. Distributors List
Table 138. Market Trends and Market Evolution
Table 139. Market Drivers and Opportunities
Table 140. Market Challenges, Risks, and Restraints
Table 141. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 142. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 143. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Product Picture
Figure 2. Global Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 3. P ≤1,250 kVA Product Picture
Figure 4. 1,250 kVA< P ≤5,000 kVA Product Picture
Figure 5. P ＞ 5,000 kVA Product Picture
Figure 6. Global Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 7. General Variable Speed Drive
Figure 8. High Performance Variable Speed Drive
Figure 9. Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Report Years Considered
Figure 10. Global Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Revenue, (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 11. Global Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 12. Global Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Revenue (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 13. Global Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Revenue Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 14. Global Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 15. Global Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales (CAGR) by Region (2020-2031) (Units)
Figure 16. Global Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 17. Global Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Capacity, Production and Utilization (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 18. Global Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Production Trend by Region (2020-2031) (Units)
Figure 19. Global Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Production Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 20. Production Capacity Enablers & Constraints
Figure 21. Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Production Growth Rate in North America (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 22. Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Production Growth Rate in Europe (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 23. Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Production Growth Rate in China (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 24. Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Production Growth Rate in Japan (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 25. Top 5 and Top 10 Manufacturers Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales Volume Market Share in 2024
Figure 26. Global Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Revenue Market Share Ranking (2024)
Figure 27. Tier Distribution by Revenue Contribution (2020 VS 2024)
Figure 28. P ≤1,250 kVA Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 29. 1,250 kVA< P ≤5,000 kVA Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 30. P ＞ 5,000 kVA Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 31. Type Eight Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 32. Type Nine Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 33. Global Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales Market Share by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 34. Global Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Revenue Market Share by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 35. Global Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales Market Share by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 36. Global Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Revenue Market Share by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 37. North America Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 38. North America Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 39. North America Top 5 Manufacturers Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 40. North America Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales Volume (Units) by Type (2020- 2031)
Figure 41. North America Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020 - 2031)
Figure 42. North America Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales Volume (Units) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 43. North America Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 44. US Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 45. Canada Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 46. Mexico Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 47. Europe Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 48. Europe Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 49. Europe Top 5 Manufacturers Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 50. Europe Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales Volume (Units) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 51. Europe Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 52. Europe Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales Volume (Units) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 53. Europe Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 54. Germany Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 55. France Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 56. U.K. Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 57. Italy Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 58. Russia Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 59. Asia-Pacific Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 60. Asia-Pacific Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 61. Asia-Pacific Top 8 Manufacturers Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 62. Asia-Pacific Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales Volume (Units) by Type (2020- 2031)
Figure 63. Asia-Pacific Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020- 2031)
Figure 64. Asia-Pacific Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales Volume (Units) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 65. Asia-Pacific Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 66. Indonesia Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 67. Japan Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 68. South Korea Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 69. China Taiwan Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 70. India Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 71. Central and South America Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 72. Central and South America Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 73. Central and South America Top 5 Manufacturers Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 74. Central and South America Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales Volume (Units) by Type (2021-2031)
Figure 75. Central and South America Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 76. Central and South America Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales Volume (Units) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 77. Central and South America Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 78. Brazil Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 79. Argentina Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 80. Middle East, and Africa Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 81. Middle East and Africa Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 82. Middle East and Africa Top 5 Manufacturers Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 83. Middle East and Africa Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales Volume (Units) by Type (2021-2031)
Figure 84. South America Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 85. Middle East and Africa Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales Volume (Units) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 86. Middle East and Africa Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 87. GCC Countries Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 88. Turkey Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 89. Egypt Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 90. South Africa Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 91. Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Industry Chain Mapping
Figure 92. Regional Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Manufacturing Base Distribution (%)
Figure 93. Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Production Process
Figure 94. Regional Phase Shifting Transformer for Building Materials Production Cost Structure
Figure 95. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 96. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 97. Data Triangulation
Figure 98. Key Executives Interviewed
