List of Tables
Table 1. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 2. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 3. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production Capacity (Kilotons) by Manufacturers in 2024
Table 4. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (Kilotons)
Table 5. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 6. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production Value by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 8. Global Key Players of Industrial Grade Potato Starch, Industry Ranking, 2023 VS 2024
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Production Value in Industrial Grade Potato Starch as of 2024)
Table 10. Global Market Industrial Grade Potato Starch Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/Ton) & (2020-2025)
Table 11. Global Key Manufacturers of Industrial Grade Potato Starch, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of Industrial Grade Potato Starch, Product Offered and Application
Table 13. Global Key Manufacturers of Industrial Grade Potato Starch, Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 14. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 15. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 16. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 17. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 18. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production Value Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 19. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 20. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 21. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Kilotons)
Table 22. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production (Kilotons) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 23. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 24. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production (Kilotons) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 25. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 26. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Market Average Price (US$/Ton) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 27. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Market Average Price (US$/Ton) by Region (2026-2031)
Table 28. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Kilotons)
Table 29. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (Kilotons)
Table 30. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 31. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Forecasted Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (Kilotons)
Table 32. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2026-2031)
Table 33. North America Industrial Grade Potato Starch Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Kilotons)
Table 34. North America Industrial Grade Potato Starch Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Kilotons)
Table 35. North America Industrial Grade Potato Starch Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Kilotons)
Table 36. Europe Industrial Grade Potato Starch Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Kilotons)
Table 37. Europe Industrial Grade Potato Starch Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Kilotons)
Table 38. Europe Industrial Grade Potato Starch Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Kilotons)
Table 39. Asia Pacific Industrial Grade Potato Starch Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Kilotons)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Industrial Grade Potato Starch Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (Kilotons)
Table 41. Asia Pacific Industrial Grade Potato Starch Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (Kilotons)
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Industrial Grade Potato Starch Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Kilotons)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Industrial Grade Potato Starch Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Kilotons)
Table 44. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Industrial Grade Potato Starch Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Kilotons)
Table 45. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production (Kilotons) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 46. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production (Kilotons) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 47. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 48. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 49. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 50. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 51. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production Value Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 52. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production Value Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 53. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 54. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 55. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production (Kilotons) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 56. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production (Kilotons) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 57. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 58. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 59. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 60. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 61. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production Value Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 62. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production Value Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 63. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 64. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 65. Avebe Industrial Grade Potato Starch Company Information
Table 66. Avebe Industrial Grade Potato Starch Specification and Application
Table 67. Avebe Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 68. Avebe Main Business and Markets Served
Table 69. Avebe Recent Developments/Updates
Table 70. Emsland Group Industrial Grade Potato Starch Company Information
Table 71. Emsland Group Industrial Grade Potato Starch Specification and Application
Table 72. Emsland Group Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 73. Emsland Group Main Business and Markets Served
Table 74. Emsland Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 75. Roquette Industrial Grade Potato Starch Company Information
Table 76. Roquette Industrial Grade Potato Starch Specification and Application
Table 77. Roquette Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 78. Roquette Main Business and Markets Served
Table 79. Roquette Recent Developments/Updates
Table 80. KMC Industrial Grade Potato Starch Company Information
Table 81. KMC Industrial Grade Potato Starch Specification and Application
Table 82. KMC Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 83. KMC Main Business and Markets Served
Table 84. KMC Recent Developments/Updates
Table 85. Südstärke Industrial Grade Potato Starch Company Information
Table 86. Südstärke Industrial Grade Potato Starch Specification and Application
Table 87. Südstärke Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 88. Südstärke Main Business and Markets Served
Table 89. Südstärke Recent Developments/Updates
Table 90. Aloja Starkelsen Industrial Grade Potato Starch Company Information
Table 91. Aloja Starkelsen Industrial Grade Potato Starch Specification and Application
Table 92. Aloja Starkelsen Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 93. Aloja Starkelsen Main Business and Markets Served
Table 94. Aloja Starkelsen Recent Developments/Updates
Table 95. Pepees Industrial Grade Potato Starch Company Information
Table 96. Pepees Industrial Grade Potato Starch Specification and Application
Table 97. Pepees Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 98. Pepees Main Business and Markets Served
Table 99. Pepees Recent Developments/Updates
Table 100. Penford (Ingredion) Industrial Grade Potato Starch Company Information
Table 101. Penford (Ingredion) Industrial Grade Potato Starch Specification and Application
Table 102. Penford (Ingredion) Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 103. Penford (Ingredion) Main Business and Markets Served
Table 104. Penford (Ingredion) Recent Developments/Updates
Table 105. Vimal Industrial Grade Potato Starch Company Information
Table 106. Vimal Industrial Grade Potato Starch Specification and Application
Table 107. Vimal Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 108. Vimal Main Business and Markets Served
Table 109. Vimal Recent Developments/Updates
Table 110. Novidon Starch Industrial Grade Potato Starch Company Information
Table 111. Novidon Starch Industrial Grade Potato Starch Specification and Application
Table 112. Novidon Starch Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 113. Novidon Starch Main Business and Markets Served
Table 114. Novidon Starch Recent Developments/Updates
Table 115. Lyckeby Industrial Grade Potato Starch Company Information
Table 116. Lyckeby Industrial Grade Potato Starch Specification and Application
Table 117. Lyckeby Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 118. Lyckeby Main Business and Markets Served
Table 119. Lyckeby Recent Developments/Updates
Table 120. PPZ Niechlow Industrial Grade Potato Starch Company Information
Table 121. PPZ Niechlow Industrial Grade Potato Starch Specification and Application
Table 122. PPZ Niechlow Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 123. PPZ Niechlow Main Business and Markets Served
Table 124. PPZ Niechlow Recent Developments/Updates
Table 125. Western Polymer Industrial Grade Potato Starch Company Information
Table 126. Western Polymer Industrial Grade Potato Starch Specification and Application
Table 127. Western Polymer Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 128. Western Polymer Main Business and Markets Served
Table 129. Western Polymer Recent Developments/Updates
Table 130. Agrana Industrial Grade Potato Starch Company Information
Table 131. Agrana Industrial Grade Potato Starch Specification and Application
Table 132. Agrana Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 133. Agrana Main Business and Markets Served
Table 134. Agrana Recent Developments/Updates
Table 135. AKV Langholt Industrial Grade Potato Starch Company Information
Table 136. AKV Langholt Industrial Grade Potato Starch Specification and Application
Table 137. AKV Langholt Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 138. AKV Langholt Main Business and Markets Served
Table 139. AKV Langholt Recent Developments/Updates
Table 140. WPPZ Industrial Grade Potato Starch Company Information
Table 141. WPPZ Industrial Grade Potato Starch Specification and Application
Table 142. WPPZ Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 143. WPPZ Main Business and Markets Served
Table 144. WPPZ Recent Developments/Updates
Table 145. Manitoba Starch Products Industrial Grade Potato Starch Company Information
Table 146. Manitoba Starch Products Industrial Grade Potato Starch Specification and Application
Table 147. Manitoba Starch Products Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 148. Manitoba Starch Products Main Business and Markets Served
Table 149. Manitoba Starch Products Recent Developments/Updates
Table 150. Beidahuang Potato Group Industrial Grade Potato Starch Company Information
Table 151. Beidahuang Potato Group Industrial Grade Potato Starch Specification and Application
Table 152. Beidahuang Potato Group Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 153. Beidahuang Potato Group Main Business and Markets Served
Table 154. Beidahuang Potato Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 155. Weston Industrial Grade Potato Starch Company Information
Table 156. Weston Industrial Grade Potato Starch Specification and Application
Table 157. Weston Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 158. Weston Main Business and Markets Served
Table 159. Weston Recent Developments/Updates
Table 160. Lantian Starch Industrial Grade Potato Starch Company Information
Table 161. Lantian Starch Industrial Grade Potato Starch Specification and Application
Table 162. Lantian Starch Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 163. Lantian Starch Main Business and Markets Served
Table 164. Lantian Starch Recent Developments/Updates
Table 165. Guyuan Yaxue Starch Industrial Grade Potato Starch Company Information
Table 166. Guyuan Yaxue Starch Industrial Grade Potato Starch Specification and Application
Table 167. Guyuan Yaxue Starch Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 168. Guyuan Yaxue Starch Main Business and Markets Served
Table 169. Guyuan Yaxue Starch Recent Developments/Updates
Table 170. Qilianxue Starch Industrial Grade Potato Starch Company Information
Table 171. Qilianxue Starch Industrial Grade Potato Starch Specification and Application
Table 172. Qilianxue Starch Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 173. Qilianxue Starch Main Business and Markets Served
Table 174. Qilianxue Starch Recent Developments/Updates
Table 175. Yunnan Starch Industrial Grade Potato Starch Company Information
Table 176. Yunnan Starch Industrial Grade Potato Starch Specification and Application
Table 177. Yunnan Starch Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 178. Yunnan Starch Main Business and Markets Served
Table 179. Yunnan Starch Recent Developments/Updates
Table 180. Huaou Starch Industrial Grade Potato Starch Company Information
Table 181. Huaou Starch Industrial Grade Potato Starch Specification and Application
Table 182. Huaou Starch Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 183. Huaou Starch Main Business and Markets Served
Table 184. Huaou Starch Recent Developments/Updates
Table 185. Qingji Potato Industrial Grade Potato Starch Company Information
Table 186. Qingji Potato Industrial Grade Potato Starch Specification and Application
Table 187. Qingji Potato Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production (Kilotons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 188. Qingji Potato Main Business and Markets Served
Table 189. Qingji Potato Recent Developments/Updates
Table 190. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 191. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 192. Industrial Grade Potato Starch Distributors List
Table 193. Industrial Grade Potato Starch Customers List
Table 194. Industrial Grade Potato Starch Market Trends
Table 195. Industrial Grade Potato Starch Market Drivers
Table 196. Industrial Grade Potato Starch Market Challenges
Table 197. Industrial Grade Potato Starch Market Restraints
Table 198. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 199. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 200. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 201. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Industrial Grade Potato Starch
Figure 2. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 3. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Market Share by Type: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 4. Native starch Product Picture
Figure 5. Modified starch Product Picture
Figure 6. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 7. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Market Share by Application: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 8. Paper Industry
Figure 9. Chemical Industry
Figure 10. Texitile Industry
Figure 11. Others
Figure 12. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production Value (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 13. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production Value (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 14. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production Capacity (Kilotons) & (2020-2031)
Figure 15. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production (Kilotons) & (2020-2031)
Figure 16. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Average Price (US$/Ton) & (2020-2031)
Figure 17. Industrial Grade Potato Starch Report Years Considered
Figure 18. Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production Share by Manufacturers in 2024
Figure 19. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2024)
Figure 20. Industrial Grade Potato Starch Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2020 VS 2024
Figure 21. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Industrial Grade Potato Starch Revenue in 2024
Figure 22. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 23. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production Value Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 24. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Kilotons)
Figure 25. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 26. North America Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 27. Europe Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 28. China Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 29. Japan Industrial Grade Potato Starch Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 30. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Consumption by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Kilotons)
Figure 31. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Consumption Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 32. North America Industrial Grade Potato Starch Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Kilotons)
Figure 33. North America Industrial Grade Potato Starch Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 34. U.S. Industrial Grade Potato Starch Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Kilotons)
Figure 35. Canada Industrial Grade Potato Starch Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Kilotons)
Figure 36. Europe Industrial Grade Potato Starch Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Kilotons)
Figure 37. Europe Industrial Grade Potato Starch Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 38. Germany Industrial Grade Potato Starch Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Kilotons)
Figure 39. France Industrial Grade Potato Starch Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Kilotons)
Figure 40. U.K. Industrial Grade Potato Starch Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Kilotons)
Figure 41. Italy Industrial Grade Potato Starch Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Kilotons)
Figure 42. Russia Industrial Grade Potato Starch Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Kilotons)
Figure 43. Asia Pacific Industrial Grade Potato Starch Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Kilotons)
Figure 44. Asia Pacific Industrial Grade Potato Starch Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 45. China Industrial Grade Potato Starch Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Kilotons)
Figure 46. Japan Industrial Grade Potato Starch Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Kilotons)
Figure 47. South Korea Industrial Grade Potato Starch Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Kilotons)
Figure 48. China Taiwan Industrial Grade Potato Starch Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Kilotons)
Figure 49. Southeast Asia Industrial Grade Potato Starch Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Kilotons)
Figure 50. India Industrial Grade Potato Starch Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Kilotons)
Figure 51. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Industrial Grade Potato Starch Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Kilotons)
Figure 52. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Industrial Grade Potato Starch Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 53. Mexico Industrial Grade Potato Starch Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Kilotons)
Figure 54. Brazil Industrial Grade Potato Starch Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Kilotons)
Figure 55. Turkey Industrial Grade Potato Starch Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Kilotons)
Figure 56. GCC Countries Industrial Grade Potato Starch Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Kilotons)
Figure 57. Global Production Market Share of Industrial Grade Potato Starch by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 58. Global Production Value Market Share of Industrial Grade Potato Starch by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 59. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 60. Global Production Market Share of Industrial Grade Potato Starch by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 61. Global Production Value Market Share of Industrial Grade Potato Starch by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 62. Global Industrial Grade Potato Starch Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 63. Industrial Grade Potato Starch Value Chain
Figure 64. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 65. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 66. Data Triangulation