List of Tables
Table 1. Global Platinum Jewellery Market Value by Type (US$ Million), 2025 vs 2032
Table 2. Global Platinum Jewellery Market Value by End Use (US$ Million), 2025 vs 2032
Table 3. Global Platinum Jewellery Market Value by Craftsmanship (US$ Million), 2025 vs 2032
Table 4. Global Platinum Jewellery Market Value by Sales Channel (US$ Million), 2025 vs 2032
Table 5. Global Platinum Jewellery Market Competitive Situation by Manufacturers in 2025
Table 6. Global Platinum Jewellery Sales (K Units) of Key Manufacturers (2021–2026)
Table 7. Global Platinum Jewellery Sales Market Share by Manufacturers (2021–2026)
Table 8. Global Platinum Jewellery Revenue (US$ Million) by Manufacturers (2021–2026)
Table 9. Global Platinum Jewellery Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2021–2026)
Table 10. Global Market Platinum Jewellery Average Price (US$/Unit) of Key Manufacturers (2021–2026)
Table 11. Global Key Players of Platinum Jewellery, Industry Ranking, 2023 vs 2024 vs 2025
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of Platinum Jewellery, Manufacturing Sites and Headquarters
Table 13. Global Key Manufacturers of Platinum Jewellery, Product Types and Applications
Table 14. Global Key Manufacturers of Platinum Jewellery, Date of Entry into the Industry
Table 15. Global Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 16. Global Platinum Jewellery Companies by Tier (Tier 1, Tier 2, Tier 3), based on Platinum Jewellery Revenue, 2025
Table 17. Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 18. Global Platinum Jewellery Market Size by Region (US$ Million): 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Table 19. Global Platinum Jewellery Sales by Region (K Units), 2021–2026
Table 20. Global Platinum Jewellery Sales Market Share by Region (2021–2026)
Table 21. Global Platinum Jewellery Sales by Region (K Units), 2027–2032
Table 22. Global Platinum Jewellery Sales Market Share by Region (2027–2032)
Table 23. Global Platinum Jewellery Revenue by Region (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 24. Global Platinum Jewellery Revenue Market Share by Region (2021–2026)
Table 25. Global Platinum Jewellery Revenue by Region (US$ Million), 2027–2032
Table 26. Global Platinum Jewellery Revenue Market Share by Region (2027–2032)
Table 27. North America Platinum Jewellery Revenue by Country: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (US$ Million)
Table 28. North America Platinum Jewellery Sales by Country (K Units), 2021–2026
Table 29. North America Platinum Jewellery Sales by Country (K Units), 2027–2032
Table 30. North America Platinum Jewellery Revenue by Country (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 31. North America Platinum Jewellery Revenue by Country (US$ Million), 2027–2032
Table 32. Europe Platinum Jewellery Revenue by Country: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (US$ Million)
Table 33. Europe Platinum Jewellery Sales by Country (K Units), 2021–2026
Table 34. Europe Platinum Jewellery Sales by Country (K Units), 2027–2032
Table 35. Europe Platinum Jewellery Revenue by Country (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 36. Europe Platinum Jewellery Revenue by Country (US$ Million), 2027–2032
Table 37. Asia Pacific Platinum Jewellery Revenue by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (US$ Million)
Table 38. Asia Pacific Platinum Jewellery Sales by Region (K Units), 2021–2026
Table 39. Asia Pacific Platinum Jewellery Sales by Region (K Units), 2027–2032
Table 40. Asia Pacific Platinum Jewellery Revenue by Region (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 41. Asia Pacific Platinum Jewellery Revenue by Region (US$ Million), 2027–2032
Table 42. Latin America Platinum Jewellery Revenue by Country: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (US$ Million)
Table 43. Latin America Platinum Jewellery Sales by Country (K Units), 2021–2026
Table 44. Latin America Platinum Jewellery Sales by Country (K Units), 2027–2032
Table 45. Latin America Platinum Jewellery Revenue by Country (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 46. Latin America Platinum Jewellery Revenue by Country (US$ Million), 2027–2032
Table 47. Middle East and Africa Platinum Jewellery Revenue by Country: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (US$ Million)
Table 48. Middle East and Africa Platinum Jewellery Sales by Country (K Units), 2021–2026
Table 49. Middle East and Africa Platinum Jewellery Sales by Country (K Units), 2027–2032
Table 50. Middle East and Africa Platinum Jewellery Revenue by Country (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 51. Middle East and Africa Platinum Jewellery Revenue by Country (US$ Million), 2027–2032
Table 52. Global Platinum Jewellery Sales (K Units) by Type (2021–2026)
Table 53. Global Platinum Jewellery Sales (K Units) by Type (2027–2032)
Table 54. Global Platinum Jewellery Sales Market Share by Type (2021–2026)
Table 55. Global Platinum Jewellery Sales Market Share by Type (2027–2032)
Table 56. Global Platinum Jewellery Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2021–2026)
Table 57. Global Platinum Jewellery Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2027–2032)
Table 58. Global Platinum Jewellery Revenue Market Share by Type (2021–2026)
Table 59. Global Platinum Jewellery Revenue Market Share by Type (2027–2032)
Table 60. Global Platinum Jewellery Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2021–2026)
Table 61. Global Platinum Jewellery Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2027–2032)
Table 62. Global Platinum Jewellery Sales (K Units) by Sales Channel (2021–2026)
Table 63. Global Platinum Jewellery Sales (K Units) by Sales Channel (2027–2032)
Table 64. Global Platinum Jewellery Sales Market Share by Sales Channel (2021–2026)
Table 65. Global Platinum Jewellery Sales Market Share by Sales Channel (2027–2032)
Table 66. Global Platinum Jewellery Revenue (US$ Million) by Sales Channel (2021–2026)
Table 67. Global Platinum Jewellery Revenue (US$ Million) by Sales Channel (2027–2032)
Table 68. Global Platinum Jewellery Revenue Market Share by Sales Channel (2021–2026)
Table 69. Global Platinum Jewellery Revenue Market Share by Sales Channel (2027–2032)
Table 70. Global Platinum Jewellery Price (US$/Unit) by Sales Channel (2021–2026)
Table 71. Global Platinum Jewellery Price (US$/Unit) by Sales Channel (2027–2032)
Table 72. Richline Group Company Information
Table 73. Richline Group Description and Business Overview
Table 74. Richline Group Platinum Jewellery Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit), and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 75. Richline Group Platinum Jewellery Product
Table 76. Richline Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 77. Chow Tai Fook Company Information
Table 78. Chow Tai Fook Description and Business Overview
Table 79. Chow Tai Fook Platinum Jewellery Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit), and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 80. Chow Tai Fook Platinum Jewellery Product
Table 81. Chow Tai Fook Recent Developments/Updates
Table 82. Richemont Company Information
Table 83. Richemont Description and Business Overview
Table 84. Richemont Platinum Jewellery Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit), and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 85. Richemont Platinum Jewellery Product
Table 86. Richemont Recent Developments/Updates
Table 87. Signet Jewellers Company Information
Table 88. Signet Jewellers Description and Business Overview
Table 89. Signet Jewellers Platinum Jewellery Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit), and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 90. Signet Jewellers Platinum Jewellery Product
Table 91. Signet Jewellers Recent Developments/Updates
Table 92. Swatch Group Company Information
Table 93. Swatch Group Description and Business Overview
Table 94. Swatch Group Platinum Jewellery Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit), and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 95. Swatch Group Platinum Jewellery Product
Table 96. Swatch Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 97. Rajesh Exports Company Information
Table 98. Rajesh Exports Description and Business Overview
Table 99. Rajesh Exports Platinum Jewellery Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit), and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 100. Rajesh Exports Platinum Jewellery Product
Table 101. Rajesh Exports Recent Developments/Updates
Table 102. Lao Feng Xiang Company Information
Table 103. Lao Feng Xiang Description and Business Overview
Table 104. Lao Feng Xiang Platinum Jewellery Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit), and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 105. Lao Feng Xiang Platinum Jewellery Product
Table 106. Lao Feng Xiang Recent Developments/Updates
Table 107. Kering Company Information
Table 108. Kering Description and Business Overview
Table 109. Kering Platinum Jewellery Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit), and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 110. Kering Platinum Jewellery Product
Table 111. Kering Recent Developments/Updates
Table 112. Malabar Gold and Diamonds Company Information
Table 113. Malabar Gold and Diamonds Description and Business Overview
Table 114. Malabar Gold and Diamonds Platinum Jewellery Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit), and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 115. Malabar Gold and Diamonds Platinum Jewellery Product
Table 116. Malabar Gold and Diamonds Recent Developments/Updates
Table 117. LVMH Company Information
Table 118. LVMH Description and Business Overview
Table 119. LVMH Platinum Jewellery Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit), and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 120. LVMH Platinum Jewellery Product
Table 121. LVMH Recent Developments/Updates
Table 122. Swarovski Company Information
Table 123. Swarovski Description and Business Overview
Table 124. Swarovski Platinum Jewellery Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit), and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 125. Swarovski Platinum Jewellery Product
Table 126. Swarovski Recent Developments/Updates
Table 127. De Beers Company Information
Table 128. De Beers Description and Business Overview
Table 129. De Beers Platinum Jewellery Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit), and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 130. De Beers Platinum Jewellery Product
Table 131. De Beers Recent Developments/Updates
Table 132. Chow Sang Sang Company Information
Table 133. Chow Sang Sang Description and Business Overview
Table 134. Chow Sang Sang Platinum Jewellery Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit), and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 135. Chow Sang Sang Platinum Jewellery Product
Table 136. Chow Sang Sang Recent Developments/Updates
Table 137. Luk Fook Company Information
Table 138. Luk Fook Description and Business Overview
Table 139. Luk Fook Platinum Jewellery Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit), and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 140. Luk Fook Platinum Jewellery Product
Table 141. Luk Fook Recent Developments/Updates
Table 142. Pandora Company Information
Table 143. Pandora Description and Business Overview
Table 144. Pandora Platinum Jewellery Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit), and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 145. Pandora Platinum Jewellery Product
Table 146. Pandora Recent Developments/Updates
Table 147. Titan Company Information
Table 148. Titan Description and Business Overview
Table 149. Titan Platinum Jewellery Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit), and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 150. Titan Platinum Jewellery Product
Table 151. Titan Recent Developments/Updates
Table 152. Stuller Company Information
Table 153. Stuller Description and Business Overview
Table 154. Stuller Platinum Jewellery Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit), and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 155. Stuller Platinum Jewellery Product
Table 156. Stuller Recent Developments/Updates
Table 157. Mingr Company Information
Table 158. Mingr Description and Business Overview
Table 159. Mingr Platinum Jewellery Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit), and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 160. Mingr Platinum Jewellery Product
Table 161. Mingr Recent Developments/Updates
Table 162. Graff Diamond Company Information
Table 163. Graff Diamond Description and Business Overview
Table 164. Graff Diamond Platinum Jewellery Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit), and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 165. Graff Diamond Platinum Jewellery Product
Table 166. Graff Diamond Recent Developments/Updates
Table 167. Caibai Jewelry Company Information
Table 168. Caibai Jewelry Description and Business Overview
Table 169. Caibai Jewelry Platinum Jewellery Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit), and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 170. Caibai Jewelry Platinum Jewellery Product
Table 171. Caibai Jewelry Recent Developments/Updates
Table 172. Damas International Company Information
Table 173. Damas International Description and Business Overview
Table 174. Damas International Platinum Jewellery Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit), and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 175. Damas International Platinum Jewellery Product
Table 176. Damas International Recent Developments/Updates
Table 177. Cuihua Gold Company Information
Table 178. Cuihua Gold Description and Business Overview
Table 179. Cuihua Gold Platinum Jewellery Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit), and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 180. Cuihua Gold Platinum Jewellery Product
Table 181. Cuihua Gold Recent Developments/Updates
Table 182. TSL Company Information
Table 183. TSL Description and Business Overview
Table 184. TSL Platinum Jewellery Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit), and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 185. TSL Platinum Jewellery Product
Table 186. TSL Recent Developments/Updates
Table 187. CHJ Company Information
Table 188. CHJ Description and Business Overview
Table 189. CHJ Platinum Jewellery Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit), and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 190. CHJ Platinum Jewellery Product
Table 191. CHJ Recent Developments/Updates
Table 192. Asian Star Company Company Information
Table 193. Asian Star Company Description and Business Overview
Table 194. Asian Star Company Platinum Jewellery Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit), and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 195. Asian Star Company Platinum Jewellery Product
Table 196. Asian Star Company Recent Developments/Updates
Table 197. TBZ Shrikant Zaveri Company Information
Table 198. TBZ Shrikant Zaveri Description and Business Overview
Table 199. TBZ Shrikant Zaveri Platinum Jewellery Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit), and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 200. TBZ Shrikant Zaveri Platinum Jewellery Product
Table 201. TBZ Shrikant Zaveri Recent Developments/Updates
Table 202. Thangamayil Company Information
Table 203. Thangamayil Description and Business Overview
Table 204. Thangamayil Platinum Jewellery Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit), and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 205. Thangamayil Platinum Jewellery Product
Table 206. Thangamayil Recent Developments/Updates
Table 207. Chopard Company Information
Table 208. Chopard Description and Business Overview
Table 209. Chopard Platinum Jewellery Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit), and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 210. Chopard Platinum Jewellery Product
Table 211. Chopard Recent Developments/Updates
Table 212. David Yurman Company Information
Table 213. David Yurman Description and Business Overview
Table 214. David Yurman Platinum Jewellery Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit), and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 215. David Yurman Platinum Jewellery Product
Table 216. David Yurman Recent Developments/Updates
Table 217. MIKIMOTO Company Information
Table 218. MIKIMOTO Description and Business Overview
Table 219. MIKIMOTO Platinum Jewellery Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit), and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 220. MIKIMOTO Platinum Jewellery Product
Table 221. MIKIMOTO Recent Developments/Updates
Table 222. YUYUAN Company Information
Table 223. YUYUAN Description and Business Overview
Table 224. YUYUAN Platinum Jewellery Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit), and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 225. YUYUAN Platinum Jewellery Product
Table 226. YUYUAN Recent Developments/Updates
Table 227. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 228. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 229. Platinum Jewellery Distributors List
Table 230. Platinum Jewellery Customers List
Table 231. Platinum Jewellery Market Trends
Table 232. Platinum Jewellery Market Drivers
Table 233. Platinum Jewellery Market Challenges
Table 234. Platinum Jewellery Market Restraints
Table 235. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 236. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 237. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 238. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Platinum Jewellery
Figure 2. Global Platinum Jewellery Market Value by Type (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 3. Global Platinum Jewellery Market Share by Type: 2025 & 2032
Figure 4. Rings Product Picture
Figure 5. Necklace Product Picture
Figure 6. Earring Product Picture
Figure 7. Bracelets Product Picture
Figure 8. Other Product Picture
Figure 9. Global Platinum Jewellery Market Value by End Use (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 10. Global Platinum Jewellery Market Share by End Use: 2025 vs 2032
Figure 11. Collections Product Picture
Figure 12. Wedding Product Picture
Figure 13. Festive Blessing Product Picture
Figure 14. Fashion Product Picture
Figure 15. Others Product Picture
Figure 16. Global Platinum Jewellery Market Value by Craftsmanship (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 17. Global Platinum Jewellery Market Share by Craftsmanship: 2025 vs 2032
Figure 18. Hand-Inlay Product Picture
Figure 19. Laser Engraving Product Picture
Figure 20. Other Product Picture
Figure 21. Global Platinum Jewellery Market Value by Sales Channel (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 22. Global Platinum Jewellery Market Share by Sales Channel: 2025 & 2032
Figure 23. Offline Sales
Figure 24. Online Sales
Figure 25. Global Platinum Jewellery Revenue, (US$ Million), 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Figure 26. Global Platinum Jewellery Market Size (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 27. Global Platinum Jewellery Sales (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 28. Global Platinum Jewellery Average Price (US$/Unit), 2021–2032
Figure 29. Platinum Jewellery Report Years Considered
Figure 30. Platinum Jewellery Sales Share by Manufacturers in 2025
Figure 31. Global Platinum Jewellery Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2025
Figure 32. Top 5 and Top 10 Global Platinum Jewellery Players: Market Share by Revenue in Platinum Jewellery in 2025
Figure 33. Platinum Jewellery Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2021 vs 2025
Figure 34. Global Platinum Jewellery Market Size by Region (US$ Million): 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Figure 35. North America Platinum Jewellery Sales Market Share by Country (2021–2032)
Figure 36. North America Platinum Jewellery Revenue Market Share by Country (2021–2032)
Figure 37. U.S. Platinum Jewellery Revenue Growth Rate (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 38. Canada Platinum Jewellery Revenue Growth Rate (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 39. Europe Platinum Jewellery Sales Market Share by Country (2021–2032)
Figure 40. Europe Platinum Jewellery Revenue Market Share by Country (2021–2032)
Figure 41. Germany Platinum Jewellery Revenue Growth Rate (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 42. France Platinum Jewellery Revenue Growth Rate (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 43. U.K. Platinum Jewellery Revenue Growth Rate (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 44. Italy Platinum Jewellery Revenue Growth Rate (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 45. Russia Platinum Jewellery Revenue Growth Rate (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 46. Asia Pacific Platinum Jewellery Sales Market Share by Region (2021–2032)
Figure 47. Asia Pacific Platinum Jewellery Revenue Market Share by Region (2021–2032)
Figure 48. China Platinum Jewellery Revenue Growth Rate (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 49. Japan Platinum Jewellery Revenue Growth Rate (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 50. South Korea Platinum Jewellery Revenue Growth Rate (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 51. India Platinum Jewellery Revenue Growth Rate (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 52. Australia Platinum Jewellery Revenue Growth Rate (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 53. Taiwan Platinum Jewellery Revenue Growth Rate (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 54. Indonesia Platinum Jewellery Revenue Growth Rate (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 55. Thailand Platinum Jewellery Revenue Growth Rate (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 56. Malaysia Platinum Jewellery Revenue Growth Rate (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 57. Philippines Platinum Jewellery Revenue Growth Rate (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 58. Latin America Platinum Jewellery Sales Market Share by Country (2021–2032)
Figure 59. Latin America Platinum Jewellery Revenue Market Share by Country (2021–2032)
Figure 60. Mexico Platinum Jewellery Revenue Growth Rate (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 61. Brazil Platinum Jewellery Revenue Growth Rate (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 62. Argentina Platinum Jewellery Revenue Growth Rate (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 63. Middle East and Africa Platinum Jewellery Sales Market Share by Country (2021–2032)
Figure 64. Middle East and Africa Platinum Jewellery Revenue Market Share by Country (2021–2032)
Figure 65. Turkey Platinum Jewellery Revenue Growth Rate (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 66. Saudi Arabia Platinum Jewellery Revenue Growth Rate (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 67. UAE Platinum Jewellery Revenue Growth Rate (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 68. Global Sales Market Share of Platinum Jewellery by Type (2021–2032)
Figure 69. Global Revenue Market Share of Platinum Jewellery by Type (2021–2032)
Figure 70. Global Platinum Jewellery Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2021–2032)
Figure 71. Global Sales Market Share of Platinum Jewellery by Sales Channel (2021–2032)
Figure 72. Global Revenue Market Share of Platinum Jewellery by Sales Channel (2021–2032)
Figure 73. Global Platinum Jewellery Price (US$/Unit) by Sales Channel (2021–2032)
Figure 74. Platinum Jewellery Value Chain
Figure 75. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 76. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 77. Data Triangulation
Figure 78. Key Executives Interviewed
