List of Tables
Table 1. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Table 2. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Table 3. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production Capacity (K Units) by Manufacturers in 2023
Table 4. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production by Manufacturers (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 5. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 6. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production Value by Manufacturers (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 8. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Industry Ranking 2022 VS 2023 VS 2024
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine as of 2023)
Table 10. Global Market Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/Unit) & (2019-2024)
Table 11. Manufacturers Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production Sites and Area Served
Table 12. Manufacturers Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Product Types
Table 13. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 14. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
Table 15. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production Value by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 16. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 17. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production Value Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 18. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 19. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 20. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production Comparison by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 21. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production (K Units) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 22. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 23. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production (K Units) Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 24. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 25. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 26. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2025-2030)
Table 27. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 28. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Consumption by Region (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 29. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Consumption Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 30. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Forecasted Consumption by Region (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 31. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 32. North America Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 33. North America Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 34. North America Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 35. Europe Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 36. Europe Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 37. Europe Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 38. Asia Pacific Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 39. Asia Pacific Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Consumption by Region (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Consumption by Region (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 41. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 44. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production (K Units) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 45. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production (K Units) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 46. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production Market Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 47. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production Market Share by Type (2025-2030)
Table 48. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 49. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 50. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production Value Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 51. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production Value Share by Type (2025-2030)
Table 52. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 53. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 54. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production (K Units) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 55. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production (K Units) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 56. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production Market Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 57. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production Market Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 58. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 59. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 60. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production Value Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 61. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production Value Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 62. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 63. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 64. Monotech Engineers Private Limited Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Corporation Information
Table 65. Monotech Engineers Private Limited Specification and Application
Table 66. Monotech Engineers Private Limited Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 67. Monotech Engineers Private Limited Main Business and Markets Served
Table 68. Monotech Engineers Private Limited Recent Developments/Updates
Table 69. Jayshree Machinetools Private Limited Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Corporation Information
Table 70. Jayshree Machinetools Private Limited Specification and Application
Table 71. Jayshree Machinetools Private Limited Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 72. Jayshree Machinetools Private Limited Main Business and Markets Served
Table 73. Jayshree Machinetools Private Limited Recent Developments/Updates
Table 74. Jayson Machine Impex Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Corporation Information
Table 75. Jayson Machine Impex Specification and Application
Table 76. Jayson Machine Impex Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 77. Jayson Machine Impex Main Business and Markets Served
Table 78. Jayson Machine Impex Recent Developments/Updates
Table 79. Digvijay Engineers Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Corporation Information
Table 80. Digvijay Engineers Specification and Application
Table 81. Digvijay Engineers Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 82. Digvijay Engineers Main Business and Markets Served
Table 83. Digvijay Engineers Recent Developments/Updates
Table 84. LVD Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Corporation Information
Table 85. LVD Specification and Application
Table 86. LVD Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 87. LVD Main Business and Markets Served
Table 88. LVD Recent Developments/Updates
Table 89. HYCULES Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Corporation Information
Table 90. HYCULES Specification and Application
Table 91. HYCULES Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 92. HYCULES Main Business and Markets Served
Table 93. HYCULES Recent Developments/Updates
Table 94. Santec Exim Pvt. Ltd Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Corporation Information
Table 95. Santec Exim Pvt. Ltd Specification and Application
Table 96. Santec Exim Pvt. Ltd Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 97. Santec Exim Pvt. Ltd Main Business and Markets Served
Table 98. Santec Exim Pvt. Ltd Recent Developments/Updates
Table 99. MIDDLE ASIA MACHINE TOOLS Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Corporation Information
Table 100. MIDDLE ASIA MACHINE TOOLS Specification and Application
Table 101. MIDDLE ASIA MACHINE TOOLS Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 102. MIDDLE ASIA MACHINE TOOLS Main Business and Markets Served
Table 103. MIDDLE ASIA MACHINE TOOLS Recent Developments/Updates
Table 104. Yangli Group Corporation Ltd Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Corporation Information
Table 105. Yangli Group Corporation Ltd Specification and Application
Table 106. Yangli Group Corporation Ltd Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 107. Yangli Group Corporation Ltd Main Business and Markets Served
Table 108. Yangli Group Corporation Ltd Recent Developments/Updates
Table 109. Nantong Chuangtu Machinery Technology Co., Ltd Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Corporation Information
Table 110. Nantong Chuangtu Machinery Technology Co., Ltd Specification and Application
Table 111. Nantong Chuangtu Machinery Technology Co., Ltd Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 112. Nantong Chuangtu Machinery Technology Co., Ltd Main Business and Markets Served
Table 113. Nantong Chuangtu Machinery Technology Co., Ltd Recent Developments/Updates
Table 114. WORLD GROUP Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Corporation Information
Table 115. WORLD GROUP Specification and Application
Table 116. WORLD GROUP Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 117. WORLD GROUP Main Business and Markets Served
Table 118. WORLD GROUP Recent Developments/Updates
Table 119. Anhui Lifu Machinery Technology Co., Ltd Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Corporation Information
Table 120. Anhui Lifu Machinery Technology Co., Ltd Specification and Application
Table 121. Anhui Lifu Machinery Technology Co., Ltd Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 122. Anhui Lifu Machinery Technology Co., Ltd Main Business and Markets Served
Table 123. Anhui Lifu Machinery Technology Co., Ltd Recent Developments/Updates
Table 124. Acl Machine Co., Ltd Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Corporation Information
Table 125. Acl Machine Co., Ltd Specification and Application
Table 126. Acl Machine Co., Ltd Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 127. Acl Machine Co., Ltd Main Business and Markets Served
Table 128. Acl Machine Co., Ltd Recent Developments/Updates
Table 129. Nanjing Shangju Shearing and Bending Machine Tool Co., Ltd Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Corporation Information
Table 130. Nanjing Shangju Shearing and Bending Machine Tool Co., Ltd Specification and Application
Table 131. Nanjing Shangju Shearing and Bending Machine Tool Co., Ltd Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 132. Nanjing Shangju Shearing and Bending Machine Tool Co., Ltd Main Business and Markets Served
Table 133. Nanjing Shangju Shearing and Bending Machine Tool Co., Ltd Recent Developments/Updates
Table 134. Nanjing Shangju Shearing and Bending Machine Tool Co., Ltd Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Corporation Information
Table 135. Wuxi Jinqiu Machinery Co., Ltd Specification and Application
Table 136. Wuxi Jinqiu Machinery Co., Ltd Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 137. Wuxi Jinqiu Machinery Co., Ltd Main Business and Markets Served
Table 138. Wuxi Jinqiu Machinery Co., Ltd Recent Developments/Updates
Table 139. Anhui Zhongde Machine Tool Co., Ltd Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Corporation Information
Table 140. Anhui Zhongde Machine Tool Co., Ltd Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 141. Anhui Zhongde Machine Tool Co., Ltd Main Business and Markets Served
Table 142. Anhui Zhongde Machine Tool Co., Ltd Recent Developments/Updates
Table 143. Nanjing Jinqiu CNC Machine Tool Co., Ltd Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Corporation Information
Table 144. Nanjing Jinqiu CNC Machine Tool Co., Ltd Specification and Application
Table 145. Nanjing Jinqiu CNC Machine Tool Co., Ltd Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 146. Nanjing Jinqiu CNC Machine Tool Co., Ltd Main Business and Markets Served
Table 147. Nanjing Jinqiu CNC Machine Tool Co., Ltd Recent Developments/Updates
Table 148. Nantong Burt CNC Machine Co.,Ltd Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Corporation Information
Table 149. Nantong Burt CNC Machine Co.,Ltd Specification and Application
Table 150. Nantong Burt CNC Machine Co.,Ltd Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 151. Nantong Burt CNC Machine Co.,Ltd Main Business and Markets Served
Table 152. Nantong Burt CNC Machine Co.,Ltd Recent Developments/Updates
Table 153. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 154. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 155. Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Distributors List
Table 156. Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Customers List
Table 157. Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Market Trends
Table 158. Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Market Drivers
Table 159. Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Market Challenges
Table 160. Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Market Restraints
Table 161. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 162. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 163. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine
Figure 2. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Figure 3. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Market Share by Type: 2023 VS 2030
Figure 4. Manual Product Picture
Figure 5. Semi-automatic Product Picture
Figure 6. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Figure 7. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Market Share by Application: 2023 VS 2030
Figure 8. Aviation
Figure 9. Light Industry
Figure 10. Metallurgy
Figure 11. Chemical Industry
Figure 12. Architecture
Figure 13. Ship
Figure 14. Automotive
Figure 15. Electricity
Figure 16. Others
Figure 17. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production Value (US$ Million), 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 18. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production Value (US$ Million) & (2019-2030)
Figure 19. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production (K Units) & (2019-2030)
Figure 20. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Average Price (US$/Unit) & (2019-2030)
Figure 21. Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Report Years Considered
Figure 22. Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production Share by Manufacturers in 2023
Figure 23. Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2019 VS 2023
Figure 24. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Revenue in 2023
Figure 25. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production Value by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 26. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production Value Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 27. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production Comparison by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Figure 28. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 29. North America Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 30. Europe Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 31. China Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 32. Japan Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 33. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Consumption by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Figure 34. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Consumption Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 35. North America Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 36. North America Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 37. Canada Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 38. U.S. Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 39. Europe Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 40. Europe Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 41. Germany Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 42. France Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 43. U.K. Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 44. Italy Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 45. Russia Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 46. Asia Pacific Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 47. Asia Pacific Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Consumption Market Share by Regions (2019-2030)
Figure 48. China Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 49. Japan Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 50. South Korea Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 51. China Taiwan Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 52. Southeast Asia Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 53. India Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 54. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 55. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 56. Mexico Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 57. Brazil Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 58. Turkey Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 59. GCC Countries Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 60. Global Production Market Share of Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 61. Global Production Value Market Share of Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 62. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 63. Global Production Market Share of Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 64. Global Production Value Market Share of Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 65. Global Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 66. Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Value Chain
Figure 67. Hydraulic Gate Type Shearing Machine Production Process
Figure 68. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 69. Distributors Profiles
Figure 70. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 71. Data Triangulation
