List of Tables
Table 1. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 2. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 3. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production Capacity (K Units) by Manufacturers in 2024
Table 4. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 5. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 6. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production Value by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 8. Global Key Players of High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve, Industry Ranking, 2023 VS 2024
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Production Value in High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve as of 2024)
Table 10. Global Market High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/Unit) & (2020-2025)
Table 11. Global Key Manufacturers of High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve, Product Offered and Application
Table 13. Global Key Manufacturers of High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve, Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 14. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 15. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 16. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 17. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 18. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production Value Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 19. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 20. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 21. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 22. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production (K Units) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 23. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 24. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production (K Units) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 25. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 26. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 27. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2026-2031)
Table 28. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 29. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 30. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 31. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Forecasted Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 32. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2026-2031)
Table 33. North America High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 34. North America High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 35. North America High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 36. Europe High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 37. Europe High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 38. Europe High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 39. Asia Pacific High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 40. Asia Pacific High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 41. Asia Pacific High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 44. Latin America, Middle East & Africa High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 45. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production (K Units) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 46. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production (K Units) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 47. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 48. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 49. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 50. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 51. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production Value Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 52. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production Value Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 53. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 54. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 55. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production (K Units) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 56. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production (K Units) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 57. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 58. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 59. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 60. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 61. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production Value Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 62. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production Value Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 63. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 64. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 65. Aerre Inox High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Company Information
Table 66. Aerre Inox High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Specification and Application
Table 67. Aerre Inox High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 68. Aerre Inox Main Business and Markets Served
Table 69. Aerre Inox Recent Developments/Updates
Table 70. Anderson Metals High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Company Information
Table 71. Anderson Metals High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Specification and Application
Table 72. Anderson Metals High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 73. Anderson Metals Main Business and Markets Served
Table 74. Anderson Metals Recent Developments/Updates
Table 75. Valex High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Company Information
Table 76. Valex High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Specification and Application
Table 77. Valex High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 78. Valex Main Business and Markets Served
Table 79. Valex Recent Developments/Updates
Table 80. Parker High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Company Information
Table 81. Parker High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Specification and Application
Table 82. Parker High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 83. Parker Main Business and Markets Served
Table 84. Parker Recent Developments/Updates
Table 85. Kevin Steel Corporation High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Company Information
Table 86. Kevin Steel Corporation High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Specification and Application
Table 87. Kevin Steel Corporation High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 88. Kevin Steel Corporation Main Business and Markets Served
Table 89. Kevin Steel Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
Table 90. Dockweiler AG High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Company Information
Table 91. Dockweiler AG High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Specification and Application
Table 92. Dockweiler AG High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 93. Dockweiler AG Main Business and Markets Served
Table 94. Dockweiler AG Recent Developments/Updates
Table 95. Evans Components High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Company Information
Table 96. Evans Components High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Specification and Application
Table 97. Evans Components High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 98. Evans Components Main Business and Markets Served
Table 99. Evans Components Recent Developments/Updates
Table 100. CSE Chiang Sung Enterprise High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Company Information
Table 101. CSE Chiang Sung Enterprise High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Specification and Application
Table 102. CSE Chiang Sung Enterprise High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 103. CSE Chiang Sung Enterprise Main Business and Markets Served
Table 104. CSE Chiang Sung Enterprise Recent Developments/Updates
Table 105. GEMU Group High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Company Information
Table 106. GEMU Group High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Specification and Application
Table 107. GEMU Group High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 108. GEMU Group Main Business and Markets Served
Table 109. GEMU Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 110. Fujikin High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Company Information
Table 111. Fujikin High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Specification and Application
Table 112. Fujikin High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 113. Fujikin Main Business and Markets Served
Table 114. Fujikin Recent Developments/Updates
Table 115. Modentic High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Company Information
Table 116. Modentic High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Specification and Application
Table 117. Modentic High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 118. Modentic Main Business and Markets Served
Table 119. Modentic Recent Developments/Updates
Table 120. Zhejiang Aomi Fluid Equipment Co., Ltd. High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Company Information
Table 121. Zhejiang Aomi Fluid Equipment Co., Ltd. High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Specification and Application
Table 122. Zhejiang Aomi Fluid Equipment Co., Ltd. High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 123. Zhejiang Aomi Fluid Equipment Co., Ltd. Main Business and Markets Served
Table 124. Zhejiang Aomi Fluid Equipment Co., Ltd. Recent Developments/Updates
Table 125. Cipriani Harrison Valves High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Company Information
Table 126. Cipriani Harrison Valves High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Specification and Application
Table 127. Cipriani Harrison Valves High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 128. Cipriani Harrison Valves Main Business and Markets Served
Table 129. Cipriani Harrison Valves Recent Developments/Updates
Table 130. Valtorc High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Company Information
Table 131. Valtorc High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Specification and Application
Table 132. Valtorc High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 133. Valtorc Main Business and Markets Served
Table 134. Valtorc Recent Developments/Updates
Table 135. Mako Products High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Company Information
Table 136. Mako Products High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Specification and Application
Table 137. Mako Products High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 138. Mako Products Main Business and Markets Served
Table 139. Mako Products Recent Developments/Updates
Table 140. QSM Tru-Flo High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Company Information
Table 141. QSM Tru-Flo High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Specification and Application
Table 142. QSM Tru-Flo High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 143. QSM Tru-Flo Main Business and Markets Served
Table 144. QSM Tru-Flo Recent Developments/Updates
Table 145. Golden Highope Industrial INC. High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Company Information
Table 146. Golden Highope Industrial INC. High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Specification and Application
Table 147. Golden Highope Industrial INC. High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 148. Golden Highope Industrial INC. Main Business and Markets Served
Table 149. Golden Highope Industrial INC. Recent Developments/Updates
Table 150. Zetco High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Company Information
Table 151. Zetco High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Specification and Application
Table 152. Zetco High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 153. Zetco Main Business and Markets Served
Table 154. Zetco Recent Developments/Updates
Table 155. Terofox High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Company Information
Table 156. Terofox High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Specification and Application
Table 157. Terofox High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 158. Terofox Main Business and Markets Served
Table 159. Terofox Recent Developments/Updates
Table 160. VIP Valves High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Company Information
Table 161. VIP Valves High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Specification and Application
Table 162. VIP Valves High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 163. VIP Valves Main Business and Markets Served
Table 164. VIP Valves Recent Developments/Updates
Table 165. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 166. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 167. High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Distributors List
Table 168. High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Customers List
Table 169. High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Market Trends
Table 170. High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Market Drivers
Table 171. High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Market Challenges
Table 172. High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Market Restraints
Table 173. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 174. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 175. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 176. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve
Figure 2. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 3. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Market Share by Type: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 4. V-Port Ball Valve Product Picture
Figure 5. Full Port Ball Valve Product Picture
Figure 6. Multi-port Ball Valve Product Picture
Figure 7. Standard Port Ball Valve Product Picture
Figure 8. Reduced Port Ball Valve Product Picture
Figure 9. Others Product Picture
Figure 10. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 11. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Market Share by Application: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 12. Pharmaceutical
Figure 13. Chemical
Figure 14. Oil and Gas
Figure 15. Water Treatment
Figure 16. Semiconductor Industry
Figure 17. HVAC
Figure 18. Food & Beverage
Figure 19. Others
Figure 20. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production Value (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 21. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production Value (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 22. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production Capacity (K Units) & (2020-2031)
Figure 23. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production (K Units) & (2020-2031)
Figure 24. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Average Price (US$/Unit) & (2020-2031)
Figure 25. High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Report Years Considered
Figure 26. High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production Share by Manufacturers in 2024
Figure 27. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2024)
Figure 28. High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2020 VS 2024
Figure 29. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Revenue in 2024
Figure 30. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 31. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production Value Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 32. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Figure 33. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 34. North America High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 35. Europe High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 36. China High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 37. Japan High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 38. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Consumption by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Figure 39. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Consumption Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 40. North America High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 41. North America High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 42. U.S. High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 43. Canada High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 44. Europe High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 45. Europe High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 46. Germany High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 47. France High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 48. U.K. High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 49. Italy High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 50. Netherlands High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 51. Asia Pacific High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 52. Asia Pacific High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 53. China High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 54. Japan High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 55. South Korea High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 56. China Taiwan High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 57. Southeast Asia High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 58. India High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 59. Latin America, Middle East & Africa High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 60. Latin America, Middle East & Africa High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 61. Mexico High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 62. Brazil High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 63. Turkey High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 64. GCC Countries High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 65. Global Production Market Share of High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 66. Global Production Value Market Share of High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 67. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 68. Global Production Market Share of High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 69. Global Production Value Market Share of High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 70. Global High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 71. High Purity Stainless Steel Ball Valve Value Chain
Figure 72. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 73. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 74. Data Triangulation