List of Tables
Table 1. Global Subsea Penetrator Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 2. Major Manufacturers of Electrical
Table 3. Major Manufacturers of Optical
Table 4. Major Manufacturers of Others
Table 5. Global Subsea Penetrator Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 6. Global Subsea Penetrator Production by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 7. Global Subsea Penetrator Production by Region (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 8. Global Subsea Penetrator Production by Region (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 9. Global Subsea Penetrator Production Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 10. Global Subsea Penetrator Production Market Share by Region (2025-2030)
Table 11. Global Subsea Penetrator Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 12. Global Subsea Penetrator Revenue by Region (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 13. Global Subsea Penetrator Revenue by Region (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 14. Global Subsea Penetrator Revenue Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 15. Global Subsea Penetrator Revenue Market Share by Region (2025-2030)
Table 16. Global Subsea Penetrator Sales Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 17. Global Subsea Penetrator Sales by Region (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 18. Global Subsea Penetrator Sales by Region (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 19. Global Subsea Penetrator Sales Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 20. Global Subsea Penetrator Sales Market Share by Region (2025-2030)
Table 21. Global Subsea Penetrator Sales by Manufacturers (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 22. Global Subsea Penetrator Sales Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 23. Global Subsea Penetrator Revenue by Manufacturers (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 24. Global Subsea Penetrator Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 25. Subsea Penetrator Price by Manufacturers 2019-2024 (US$/Unit)
Table 26. Global Key Players of Subsea Penetrator, Industry Ranking, 2022 VS 2023 VS 2024
Table 27. Global Subsea Penetrator Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 28. Global Subsea Penetrator by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Subsea Penetrator as of 2023)
Table 29. Global Key Manufacturers of Subsea Penetrator, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table 30. Global Key Manufacturers of Subsea Penetrator, Product Offered and Application
Table 31. Global Key Manufacturers of Subsea Penetrator, Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 32. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 33. Global Subsea Penetrator Sales by Type (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 34. Global Subsea Penetrator Sales by Type (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 35. Global Subsea Penetrator Sales Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 36. Global Subsea Penetrator Sales Share by Type (2025-2030)
Table 37. Global Subsea Penetrator Revenue by Type (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 38. Global Subsea Penetrator Revenue by Type (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 39. Global Subsea Penetrator Revenue Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 40. Global Subsea Penetrator Revenue Share by Type (2025-2030)
Table 41. Subsea Penetrator Price by Type (2019-2024) & (US$/Unit)
Table 42. Global Subsea Penetrator Price Forecast by Type (2025-2030) & (US$/Unit)
Table 43. Global Subsea Penetrator Sales by Application (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 44. Global Subsea Penetrator Sales by Application (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 45. Global Subsea Penetrator Sales Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 46. Global Subsea Penetrator Sales Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 47. Global Subsea Penetrator Revenue by Application (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 48. Global Subsea Penetrator Revenue by Application (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 49. Global Subsea Penetrator Revenue Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 50. Global Subsea Penetrator Revenue Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 51. Subsea Penetrator Price by Application (2019-2024) & (US$/Unit)
Table 52. Global Subsea Penetrator Price Forecast by Application (2025-2030) & (US$/Unit)
Table 53. US & Canada Subsea Penetrator Sales by Type (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 54. US & Canada Subsea Penetrator Sales by Type (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 55. US & Canada Subsea Penetrator Revenue by Type (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 56. US & Canada Subsea Penetrator Revenue by Type (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 57. US & Canada Subsea Penetrator Sales by Application (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 58. US & Canada Subsea Penetrator Sales by Application (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 59. US & Canada Subsea Penetrator Revenue by Application (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 60. US & Canada Subsea Penetrator Revenue by Application (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 61. US & Canada Subsea Penetrator Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 62. US & Canada Subsea Penetrator Revenue by Country (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 63. US & Canada Subsea Penetrator Revenue by Country (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 64. US & Canada Subsea Penetrator Sales by Country (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 65. US & Canada Subsea Penetrator Sales by Country (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 66. Europe Subsea Penetrator Sales by Type (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 67. Europe Subsea Penetrator Sales by Type (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 68. Europe Subsea Penetrator Revenue by Type (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 69. Europe Subsea Penetrator Revenue by Type (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 70. Europe Subsea Penetrator Sales by Application (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 71. Europe Subsea Penetrator Sales by Application (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 72. Europe Subsea Penetrator Revenue by Application (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 73. Europe Subsea Penetrator Revenue by Application (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 74. Europe Subsea Penetrator Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 75. Europe Subsea Penetrator Revenue by Country (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 76. Europe Subsea Penetrator Revenue by Country (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 77. Europe Subsea Penetrator Sales by Country (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 78. Europe Subsea Penetrator Sales by Country (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 79. China Subsea Penetrator Sales by Type (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 80. China Subsea Penetrator Sales by Type (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 81. China Subsea Penetrator Revenue by Type (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 82. China Subsea Penetrator Revenue by Type (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 83. China Subsea Penetrator Sales by Application (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 84. China Subsea Penetrator Sales by Application (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 85. China Subsea Penetrator Revenue by Application (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 86. China Subsea Penetrator Revenue by Application (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 87. Asia Subsea Penetrator Sales by Type (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 88. Asia Subsea Penetrator Sales by Type (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 89. Asia Subsea Penetrator Revenue by Type (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 90. Asia Subsea Penetrator Revenue by Type (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 91. Asia Subsea Penetrator Sales by Application (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 92. Asia Subsea Penetrator Sales by Application (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 93. Asia Subsea Penetrator Revenue by Application (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 94. Asia Subsea Penetrator Revenue by Application (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 95. Asia Subsea Penetrator Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 96. Asia Subsea Penetrator Revenue by Region (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 97. Asia Subsea Penetrator Revenue by Region (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 98. Asia Subsea Penetrator Sales by Region (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 99. Asia Subsea Penetrator Sales by Region (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 100. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Subsea Penetrator Sales by Type (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 101. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Subsea Penetrator Sales by Type (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 102. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Subsea Penetrator Revenue by Type (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 103. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Subsea Penetrator Revenue by Type (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 104. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Subsea Penetrator Sales by Application (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 105. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Subsea Penetrator Sales by Application (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 106. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Subsea Penetrator Revenue by Application (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 107. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Subsea Penetrator Revenue by Application (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 108. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Subsea Penetrator Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 109. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Subsea Penetrator Revenue by Country (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 110. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Subsea Penetrator Revenue by Country (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 111. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Subsea Penetrator Sales by Country (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 112. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Subsea Penetrator Sales by Country (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 113. TE Connectivity Company Information
Table 114. TE Connectivity Description and Major Businesses
Table 115. TE Connectivity Subsea Penetrator Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 116. TE Connectivity Subsea Penetrator Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 117. TE Connectivity Recent Development
Table 118. Teledyne Marine Company Information
Table 119. Teledyne Marine Description and Major Businesses
Table 120. Teledyne Marine Subsea Penetrator Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 121. Teledyne Marine Subsea Penetrator Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 122. Teledyne Marine Recent Development
Table 123. MacArtney AS Company Information
Table 124. MacArtney AS Description and Major Businesses
Table 125. MacArtney AS Subsea Penetrator Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 126. MacArtney AS Subsea Penetrator Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 127. MacArtney AS Recent Development
Table 128. Birns Company Information
Table 129. Birns Description and Major Businesses
Table 130. Birns Subsea Penetrator Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 131. Birns Subsea Penetrator Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 132. Birns Recent Development
Table 133. C R Encapsulation Company Information
Table 134. C R Encapsulation Description and Major Businesses
Table 135. C R Encapsulation Subsea Penetrator Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 136. C R Encapsulation Subsea Penetrator Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 137. C R Encapsulation Recent Development
Table 138. Blue Robotics Company Information
Table 139. Blue Robotics Description and Major Businesses
Table 140. Blue Robotics Subsea Penetrator Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 141. Blue Robotics Subsea Penetrator Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 142. Blue Robotics Recent Development
Table 143. GISMA Steckverbinder Company Information
Table 144. GISMA Steckverbinder Description and Major Businesses
Table 145. GISMA Steckverbinder Subsea Penetrator Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 146. GISMA Steckverbinder Subsea Penetrator Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 147. GISMA Steckverbinder Recent Development
Table 148. Scientific Management International Company Information
Table 149. Scientific Management International Description and Major Businesses
Table 150. Scientific Management International Subsea Penetrator Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 151. Scientific Management International Subsea Penetrator Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 152. Scientific Management International Recent Development
Table 153. Hydro Group Company Information
Table 154. Hydro Group Description and Major Businesses
Table 155. Hydro Group Subsea Penetrator Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 156. Hydro Group Subsea Penetrator Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 157. Hydro Group Recent Development
Table 158. Eaton Company Information
Table 159. Eaton Description and Major Businesses
Table 160. Eaton Subsea Penetrator Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 161. Eaton Subsea Penetrator Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 162. Eaton Recent Development
Table 163. AMETEK ECP Company Information
Table 164. AMETEK ECP Description and Major Businesses
Table 165. AMETEK ECP Subsea Penetrator Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 166. AMETEK ECP Subsea Penetrator Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 167. AMETEK ECP Recent Development
Table 168. RMSpumptools Company Information
Table 169. RMSpumptools Description and Major Businesses
Table 170. RMSpumptools Subsea Penetrator Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 171. RMSpumptools Subsea Penetrator Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 172. RMSpumptools Recent Development
Table 173. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 174. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 175. Subsea Penetrator Distributors List
Table 176. Subsea Penetrator Customers List
Table 177. Subsea Penetrator Market Trends
Table 178. Subsea Penetrator Market Drivers
Table 179. Subsea Penetrator Market Challenges
Table 180. Subsea Penetrator Market Restraints
Table 181. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 182. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 183. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Subsea Penetrator Product Picture
Figure 2. Global Subsea Penetrator Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 3. Global Subsea Penetrator Market Share by Type in 2023 & 2030
Figure 4. Electrical Product Picture
Figure 5. Optical Product Picture
Figure 6. Others Product Picture
Figure 7. Global Subsea Penetrator Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 8. Global Subsea Penetrator Market Share by Application in 2023 & 2030
Figure 9. OEM
Figure 10. Aftermarket
Figure 11. Subsea Penetrator Report Years Considered
Figure 12. Global Subsea Penetrator Capacity, Production and Utilization (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 13. Global Subsea Penetrator Production Market Share by Region in Percentage: 2023 Versus 2030
Figure 14. Global Subsea Penetrator Production Market Share by Region (2019-2030)
Figure 15. Subsea Penetrator Production Growth Rate in North America (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 16. Subsea Penetrator Production Growth Rate in Europe (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 17. Subsea Penetrator Production Growth Rate in China (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 18. Subsea Penetrator Production Growth Rate in Japan (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 19. Global Subsea Penetrator Revenue, (US$ Million), 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 20. Global Subsea Penetrator Revenue 2019-2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 21. Global Subsea Penetrator Revenue (CAGR) by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 22. Global Subsea Penetrator Revenue Market Share by Region in Percentage: 2023 Versus 2030
Figure 23. Global Subsea Penetrator Revenue Market Share by Region (2019-2030)
Figure 24. Global Subsea Penetrator Sales 2019-2030 ((K Units)
Figure 25. Global Subsea Penetrator Sales (CAGR) by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Figure 26. Global Subsea Penetrator Sales Market Share by Region (2019-2030)
Figure 27. US & Canada Subsea Penetrator Sales YoY (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 28. US & Canada Subsea Penetrator Revenue YoY (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 29. Europe Subsea Penetrator Sales YoY (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 30. Europe Subsea Penetrator Revenue YoY (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 31. China Subsea Penetrator Sales YoY (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 32. China Subsea Penetrator Revenue YoY (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 33. Asia (excluding China) Subsea Penetrator Sales YoY (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 34. Asia (excluding China) Subsea Penetrator Revenue YoY (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 35. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Subsea Penetrator Sales YoY (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 36. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Subsea Penetrator Revenue YoY (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 37. The Subsea Penetrator Market Share of Top 10 and Top 5 Largest Manufacturers Around the World in 2023
Figure 38. The Top 5 and 10 Largest Manufacturers of Subsea Penetrator in the World: Market Share by Subsea Penetrator Revenue in 2023
Figure 39. Global Subsea Penetrator Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2019 VS 2023
Figure 40. Global Subsea Penetrator Sales Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 41. Global Subsea Penetrator Revenue Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 42. Global Subsea Penetrator Sales Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 43. Global Subsea Penetrator Revenue Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 44. US & Canada Subsea Penetrator Sales Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 45. US & Canada Subsea Penetrator Revenue Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 46. US & Canada Subsea Penetrator Sales Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 47. US & Canada Subsea Penetrator Revenue Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 48. US & Canada Subsea Penetrator Revenue Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 49. US & Canada Subsea Penetrator Sales Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 50. U.S. Subsea Penetrator Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 51. Canada Subsea Penetrator Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 52. Europe Subsea Penetrator Sales Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 53. Europe Subsea Penetrator Revenue Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 54. Europe Subsea Penetrator Sales Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 55. Europe Subsea Penetrator Revenue Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 56. Europe Subsea Penetrator Revenue Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 57. Europe Subsea Penetrator Sales Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 58. Germany Subsea Penetrator Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 59. France Subsea Penetrator Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 60. U.K. Subsea Penetrator Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 61. Italy Subsea Penetrator Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 62. Russia Subsea Penetrator Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 63. China Subsea Penetrator Sales Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 64. China Subsea Penetrator Revenue Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 65. China Subsea Penetrator Sales Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 66. China Subsea Penetrator Revenue Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 67. Asia Subsea Penetrator Sales Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 68. Asia Subsea Penetrator Revenue Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 69. Asia Subsea Penetrator Sales Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 70. Asia Subsea Penetrator Revenue Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 71. Asia Subsea Penetrator Revenue Share by Region (2019-2030)
Figure 72. Asia Subsea Penetrator Sales Share by Region (2019-2030)
Figure 73. Japan Subsea Penetrator Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 74. South Korea Subsea Penetrator Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 75. China Taiwan Subsea Penetrator Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 76. Southeast Asia Subsea Penetrator Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 77. India Subsea Penetrator Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 78. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Subsea Penetrator Sales Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 79. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Subsea Penetrator Revenue Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 80. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Subsea Penetrator Sales Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 81. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Subsea Penetrator Revenue Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 82. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Subsea Penetrator Revenue Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 83. Middle East, Africa and Latin America Subsea Penetrator Sales Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 84. Brazil Subsea Penetrator Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 85. Mexico Subsea Penetrator Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 86. Turkey Subsea Penetrator Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 87. Israel Subsea Penetrator Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 88. GCC Countries Subsea Penetrator Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 89. Subsea Penetrator Value Chain
Figure 90. Subsea Penetrator Production Process
Figure 91. Channels of Distribution
Figure 92. Distributors Profiles
Figure 93. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 94. Data Triangulation
Figure 95. Key Executives Interviewed