List of Tables
Table 1. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 2. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 3. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production Capacity (Tons) by Manufacturers in 2024
Table 4. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 5. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 6. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production Value by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 8. Global Key Players of Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins, Industry Ranking, 2023 VS 2024
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Production Value in Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins as of 2024)
Table 10. Global Market Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/Ton) & (2020-2025)
Table 11. Global Key Manufacturers of Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins, Product Offered and Application
Table 13. Global Key Manufacturers of Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins, Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 14. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 15. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 16. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 17. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 18. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production Value Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 19. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 20. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 21. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 22. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production (Tons) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 23. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 24. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production (Tons) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 25. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 26. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Market Average Price (US$/Ton) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 27. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Market Average Price (US$/Ton) by Region (2026-2031)
Table 28. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 29. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 30. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 31. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Forecasted Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 32. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2026-2031)
Table 33. North America Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 34. North America Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 35. North America Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 36. Europe Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 37. Europe Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 38. Europe Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 39. Asia Pacific Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 41. Asia Pacific Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 44. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 45. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production (Tons) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 46. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production (Tons) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 47. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 48. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 49. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 50. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 51. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production Value Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 52. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production Value Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 53. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 54. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 55. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production (Tons) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 56. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production (Tons) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 57. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 58. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 59. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 60. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 61. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production Value Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 62. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production Value Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 63. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 64. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 65. DSM Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Company Information
Table 66. DSM Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Specification and Application
Table 67. DSM Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 68. DSM Main Business and Markets Served
Table 69. DSM Recent Developments/Updates
Table 70. Lonza Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Company Information
Table 71. Lonza Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Specification and Application
Table 72. Lonza Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 73. Lonza Main Business and Markets Served
Table 74. Lonza Recent Developments/Updates
Table 75. CSPC Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Company Information
Table 76. CSPC Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Specification and Application
Table 77. CSPC Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 78. CSPC Main Business and Markets Served
Table 79. CSPC Recent Developments/Updates
Table 80. BASF Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Company Information
Table 81. BASF Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Specification and Application
Table 82. BASF Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 83. BASF Main Business and Markets Served
Table 84. BASF Recent Developments/Updates
Table 85. Zhejiang Pharmaceuticals Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Company Information
Table 86. Zhejiang Pharmaceuticals Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Specification and Application
Table 87. Zhejiang Pharmaceuticals Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 88. Zhejiang Pharmaceuticals Main Business and Markets Served
Table 89. Zhejiang Pharmaceuticals Recent Developments/Updates
Table 90. Luwei Pharmaceuticals Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Company Information
Table 91. Luwei Pharmaceuticals Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Specification and Application
Table 92. Luwei Pharmaceuticals Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 93. Luwei Pharmaceuticals Main Business and Markets Served
Table 94. Luwei Pharmaceuticals Recent Developments/Updates
Table 95. Northeast Pharmaceutical Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Company Information
Table 96. Northeast Pharmaceutical Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Specification and Application
Table 97. Northeast Pharmaceutical Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 98. Northeast Pharmaceutical Main Business and Markets Served
Table 99. Northeast Pharmaceutical Recent Developments/Updates
Table 100. NCPC Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Company Information
Table 101. NCPC Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Specification and Application
Table 102. NCPC Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 103. NCPC Main Business and Markets Served
Table 104. NCPC Recent Developments/Updates
Table 105. NHU Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Company Information
Table 106. NHU Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Specification and Application
Table 107. NHU Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 108. NHU Main Business and Markets Served
Table 109. NHU Recent Developments/Updates
Table 110. Novozymes Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Company Information
Table 111. Novozymes Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Specification and Application
Table 112. Novozymes Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 113. Novozymes Main Business and Markets Served
Table 114. Novozymes Recent Developments/Updates
Table 115. Dupont Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Company Information
Table 116. Dupont Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Specification and Application
Table 117. Dupont Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 118. Dupont Main Business and Markets Served
Table 119. Dupont Recent Developments/Updates
Table 120. Vland Group Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Company Information
Table 121. Vland Group Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Specification and Application
Table 122. Vland Group Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 123. Vland Group Main Business and Markets Served
Table 124. Vland Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 125. Elanco Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Company Information
Table 126. Elanco Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Specification and Application
Table 127. Elanco Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 128. Elanco Main Business and Markets Served
Table 129. Elanco Recent Developments/Updates
Table 130. Asiapac Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Company Information
Table 131. Asiapac Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Specification and Application
Table 132. Asiapac Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 133. Asiapac Main Business and Markets Served
Table 134. Asiapac Recent Developments/Updates
Table 135. Kemin Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Company Information
Table 136. Kemin Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Specification and Application
Table 137. Kemin Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 138. Kemin Main Business and Markets Served
Table 139. Kemin Recent Developments/Updates
Table 140. Yiduoli Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Company Information
Table 141. Yiduoli Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Specification and Application
Table 142. Yiduoli Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 143. Yiduoli Main Business and Markets Served
Table 144. Yiduoli Recent Developments/Updates
Table 145. Sunhy Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Company Information
Table 146. Sunhy Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Specification and Application
Table 147. Sunhy Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 148. Sunhy Main Business and Markets Served
Table 149. Sunhy Recent Developments/Updates
Table 150. Challenge Group Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Company Information
Table 151. Challenge Group Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Specification and Application
Table 152. Challenge Group Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 153. Challenge Group Main Business and Markets Served
Table 154. Challenge Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 155. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 156. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 157. Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Distributors List
Table 158. Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Customers List
Table 159. Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Market Trends
Table 160. Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Market Drivers
Table 161. Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Market Challenges
Table 162. Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Market Restraints
Table 163. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 164. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 165. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 166. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins
Figure 2. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 3. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Market Share by Type: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 4. Enzyme Product Picture
Figure 5. Vitamins Product Picture
Figure 6. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 7. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Market Share by Application: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 8. Chicken Feed
Figure 9. Duck Feed
Figure 10. Goose Feed
Figure 11. Other
Figure 12. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production Value (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 13. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production Value (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 14. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production Capacity (Tons) & (2020-2031)
Figure 15. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production (Tons) & (2020-2031)
Figure 16. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Average Price (US$/Ton) & (2020-2031)
Figure 17. Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Report Years Considered
Figure 18. Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production Share by Manufacturers in 2024
Figure 19. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2024)
Figure 20. Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2020 VS 2024
Figure 21. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Revenue in 2024
Figure 22. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 23. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production Value Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 24. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Figure 25. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 26. North America Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 27. Europe Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 28. China Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 29. Japan Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 30. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Consumption by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Figure 31. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Consumption Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 32. North America Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 33. North America Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 34. U.S. Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 35. Canada Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 36. Europe Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 37. Europe Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 38. Germany Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 39. France Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 40. U.K. Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 41. Italy Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 42. Russia Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 43. Asia Pacific Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 44. Asia Pacific Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 45. China Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 46. Japan Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 47. South Korea Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 48. China Taiwan Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 49. Southeast Asia Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 50. India Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 51. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 52. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 53. Mexico Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 54. Brazil Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 55. Turkey Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 56. GCC Countries Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 57. Global Production Market Share of Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 58. Global Production Value Market Share of Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 59. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 60. Global Production Market Share of Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 61. Global Production Value Market Share of Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 62. Global Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 63. Poultry Feed Feed Enzymes and Vitamins Value Chain
Figure 64. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 65. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 66. Data Triangulation
