List of Tables
Table 1. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 2. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 3. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production Capacity (K Units) by Manufacturers in 2024
Table 4. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 5. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 6. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production Value by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 8. Global Key Players of Conductive Liquid Flow Meter, Industry Ranking, 2023 VS 2024
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Production Value in Conductive Liquid Flow Meter as of 2024)
Table 10. Global Market Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/Unit) & (2020-2025)
Table 11. Global Key Manufacturers of Conductive Liquid Flow Meter, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of Conductive Liquid Flow Meter, Product Offered and Application
Table 13. Global Key Manufacturers of Conductive Liquid Flow Meter, Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 14. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 15. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 16. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 17. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 18. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production Value Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 19. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 20. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 21. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 22. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production (K Units) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 23. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 24. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production (K Units) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 25. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 26. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 27. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2026-2031)
Table 28. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 29. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 30. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 31. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Forecasted Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 32. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2026-2031)
Table 33. North America Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 34. North America Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 35. North America Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 36. Europe Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 37. Europe Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 38. Europe Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 39. Asia Pacific Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 41. Asia Pacific Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 44. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 45. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production (K Units) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 46. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production (K Units) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 47. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 48. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 49. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 50. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 51. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production Value Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 52. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production Value Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 53. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 54. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 55. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production (K Units) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 56. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production (K Units) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 57. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 58. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 59. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 60. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 61. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production Value Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 62. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production Value Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 63. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 64. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 65. Siemens Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Company Information
Table 66. Siemens Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Specification and Application
Table 67. Siemens Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 68. Siemens Main Business and Markets Served
Table 69. Siemens Recent Developments/Updates
Table 70. ABB Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Company Information
Table 71. ABB Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Specification and Application
Table 72. ABB Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 73. ABB Main Business and Markets Served
Table 74. ABB Recent Developments/Updates
Table 75. Greyline Instruments Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Company Information
Table 76. Greyline Instruments Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Specification and Application
Table 77. Greyline Instruments Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 78. Greyline Instruments Main Business and Markets Served
Table 79. Greyline Instruments Recent Developments/Updates
Table 80. Omega Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Company Information
Table 81. Omega Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Specification and Application
Table 82. Omega Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 83. Omega Main Business and Markets Served
Table 84. Omega Recent Developments/Updates
Table 85. Endress+Hauser Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Company Information
Table 86. Endress+Hauser Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Specification and Application
Table 87. Endress+Hauser Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 88. Endress+Hauser Main Business and Markets Served
Table 89. Endress+Hauser Recent Developments/Updates
Table 90. Fuji Electric Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Company Information
Table 91. Fuji Electric Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Specification and Application
Table 92. Fuji Electric Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 93. Fuji Electric Main Business and Markets Served
Table 94. Fuji Electric Recent Developments/Updates
Table 95. Spirax Sarco Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Company Information
Table 96. Spirax Sarco Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Specification and Application
Table 97. Spirax Sarco Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 98. Spirax Sarco Main Business and Markets Served
Table 99. Spirax Sarco Recent Developments/Updates
Table 100. Bronkhorst Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Company Information
Table 101. Bronkhorst Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Specification and Application
Table 102. Bronkhorst Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 103. Bronkhorst Main Business and Markets Served
Table 104. Bronkhorst Recent Developments/Updates
Table 105. IFM Electronic Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Company Information
Table 106. IFM Electronic Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Specification and Application
Table 107. IFM Electronic Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 108. IFM Electronic Main Business and Markets Served
Table 109. IFM Electronic Recent Developments/Updates
Table 110. KROHNE Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Company Information
Table 111. KROHNE Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Specification and Application
Table 112. KROHNE Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 113. KROHNE Main Business and Markets Served
Table 114. KROHNE Recent Developments/Updates
Table 115. YOKOGAWA Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Company Information
Table 116. YOKOGAWA Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Specification and Application
Table 117. YOKOGAWA Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 118. YOKOGAWA Main Business and Markets Served
Table 119. YOKOGAWA Recent Developments/Updates
Table 120. Fine Tek Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Company Information
Table 121. Fine Tek Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Specification and Application
Table 122. Fine Tek Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 123. Fine Tek Main Business and Markets Served
Table 124. Fine Tek Recent Developments/Updates
Table 125. Isoil Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Company Information
Table 126. Isoil Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Specification and Application
Table 127. Isoil Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 128. Isoil Main Business and Markets Served
Table 129. Isoil Recent Developments/Updates
Table 130. Magnetrol Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Company Information
Table 131. Magnetrol Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Specification and Application
Table 132. Magnetrol Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 133. Magnetrol Main Business and Markets Served
Table 134. Magnetrol Recent Developments/Updates
Table 135. Badger Meter Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Company Information
Table 136. Badger Meter Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Specification and Application
Table 137. Badger Meter Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 138. Badger Meter Main Business and Markets Served
Table 139. Badger Meter Recent Developments/Updates
Table 140. SIKA AG Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Company Information
Table 141. SIKA AG Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Specification and Application
Table 142. SIKA AG Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 143. SIKA AG Main Business and Markets Served
Table 144. SIKA AG Recent Developments/Updates
Table 145. Kobold Messring GmbH Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Company Information
Table 146. Kobold Messring GmbH Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Specification and Application
Table 147. Kobold Messring GmbH Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 148. Kobold Messring GmbH Main Business and Markets Served
Table 149. Kobold Messring GmbH Recent Developments/Updates
Table 150. SEKO Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Company Information
Table 151. SEKO Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Specification and Application
Table 152. SEKO Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 153. SEKO Main Business and Markets Served
Table 154. SEKO Recent Developments/Updates
Table 155. Golden Mountain Enterprise Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Company Information
Table 156. Golden Mountain Enterprise Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Specification and Application
Table 157. Golden Mountain Enterprise Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 158. Golden Mountain Enterprise Main Business and Markets Served
Table 159. Golden Mountain Enterprise Recent Developments/Updates
Table 160. ISOIL Industria Spa Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Company Information
Table 161. ISOIL Industria Spa Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Specification and Application
Table 162. ISOIL Industria Spa Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 163. ISOIL Industria Spa Main Business and Markets Served
Table 164. ISOIL Industria Spa Recent Developments/Updates
Table 165. GHM Messtechnik GmbH Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Company Information
Table 166. GHM Messtechnik GmbH Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Specification and Application
Table 167. GHM Messtechnik GmbH Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 168. GHM Messtechnik GmbH Main Business and Markets Served
Table 169. GHM Messtechnik GmbH Recent Developments/Updates
Table 170. Kaifeng Hollysys Industrial Instrument Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Company Information
Table 171. Kaifeng Hollysys Industrial Instrument Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Specification and Application
Table 172. Kaifeng Hollysys Industrial Instrument Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 173. Kaifeng Hollysys Industrial Instrument Main Business and Markets Served
Table 174. Kaifeng Hollysys Industrial Instrument Recent Developments/Updates
Table 175. Supmea Automation Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Company Information
Table 176. Supmea Automation Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Specification and Application
Table 177. Supmea Automation Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 178. Supmea Automation Main Business and Markets Served
Table 179. Supmea Automation Recent Developments/Updates
Table 180. TECFLUID Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Company Information
Table 181. TECFLUID Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Specification and Application
Table 182. TECFLUID Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 183. TECFLUID Main Business and Markets Served
Table 184. TECFLUID Recent Developments/Updates
Table 185. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 186. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 187. Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Distributors List
Table 188. Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Customers List
Table 189. Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Market Trends
Table 190. Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Market Drivers
Table 191. Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Market Challenges
Table 192. Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Market Restraints
Table 193. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 194. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 195. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 196. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Conductive Liquid Flow Meter
Figure 2. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 3. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Market Share by Type: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 4. Split Electromagnetic Flow Meter Product Picture
Figure 5. All-in-one Electromagnetic Flow Meter Product Picture
Figure 6. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 7. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Market Share by Application: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 8. Food and Beverage
Figure 9. Chemical
Figure 10. Pharmaceutical
Figure 11. Water and Waste Water
Figure 12. Others
Figure 13. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production Value (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 14. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production Value (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 15. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production Capacity (K Units) & (2020-2031)
Figure 16. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production (K Units) & (2020-2031)
Figure 17. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Average Price (US$/Unit) & (2020-2031)
Figure 18. Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Report Years Considered
Figure 19. Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production Share by Manufacturers in 2024
Figure 20. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2024)
Figure 21. Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2020 VS 2024
Figure 22. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Revenue in 2024
Figure 23. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 24. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production Value Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 25. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Figure 26. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 27. North America Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 28. Europe Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 29. China Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 30. Japan Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 31. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Consumption by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Figure 32. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Consumption Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 33. North America Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 34. North America Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 35. U.S. Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 36. Canada Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 37. Europe Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 38. Europe Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 39. Germany Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 40. France Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 41. U.K. Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 42. Italy Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 43. Netherlands Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 44. Asia Pacific Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 45. Asia Pacific Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 46. China Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 47. Japan Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 48. South Korea Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 49. China Taiwan Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 50. Southeast Asia Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 51. India Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 52. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 53. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 54. Mexico Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 55. Brazil Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 56. Turkey Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 57. GCC Countries Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 58. Global Production Market Share of Conductive Liquid Flow Meter by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 59. Global Production Value Market Share of Conductive Liquid Flow Meter by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 60. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 61. Global Production Market Share of Conductive Liquid Flow Meter by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 62. Global Production Value Market Share of Conductive Liquid Flow Meter by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 63. Global Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 64. Conductive Liquid Flow Meter Value Chain
Figure 65. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 66. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 67. Data Triangulation
