List of Tables
Table 1. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 2. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 3. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production Capacity (K Units) by Manufacturers in 2024
Table 4. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 5. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 6. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production Value by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 8. Global Key Players of Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer, Industry Ranking, 2023 VS 2024
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Production Value in Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer as of 2024)
Table 10. Global Market Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/Unit) & (2020-2025)
Table 11. Global Key Manufacturers of Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer, Product Offered and Application
Table 13. Global Key Manufacturers of Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer, Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 14. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 15. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 16. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 17. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 18. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production Value Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 19. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 20. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 21. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 22. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production (K Units) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 23. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 24. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production (K Units) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 25. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 26. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 27. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2026-2031)
Table 28. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 29. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 30. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 31. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Forecasted Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 32. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2026-2031)
Table 33. North America Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 34. North America Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 35. North America Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 36. Europe Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 37. Europe Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 38. Europe Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 39. Asia Pacific Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 41. Asia Pacific Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 44. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 45. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production (K Units) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 46. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production (K Units) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 47. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 48. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 49. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 50. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 51. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production Value Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 52. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production Value Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 53. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 54. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 55. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production (K Units) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 56. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production (K Units) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 57. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 58. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 59. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 60. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 61. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production Value Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 62. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production Value Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 63. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 64. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 65. FiberPlex Technologies, LLC Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Company Information
Table 66. FiberPlex Technologies, LLC Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Specification and Application
Table 67. FiberPlex Technologies, LLC Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 68. FiberPlex Technologies, LLC Main Business and Markets Served
Table 69. FiberPlex Technologies, LLC Recent Developments/Updates
Table 70. GM International srl Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Company Information
Table 71. GM International srl Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Specification and Application
Table 72. GM International srl Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 73. GM International srl Main Business and Markets Served
Table 74. GM International srl Recent Developments/Updates
Table 75. Astronics Test Systems Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Company Information
Table 76. Astronics Test Systems Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Specification and Application
Table 77. Astronics Test Systems Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 78. Astronics Test Systems Main Business and Markets Served
Table 79. Astronics Test Systems Recent Developments/Updates
Table 80. ACCES I/O Products, Inc. Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Company Information
Table 81. ACCES I/O Products, Inc. Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Specification and Application
Table 82. ACCES I/O Products, Inc. Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 83. ACCES I/O Products, Inc. Main Business and Markets Served
Table 84. ACCES I/O Products, Inc. Recent Developments/Updates
Table 85. Barnfind Technologies AS Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Company Information
Table 86. Barnfind Technologies AS Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Specification and Application
Table 87. Barnfind Technologies AS Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 88. Barnfind Technologies AS Main Business and Markets Served
Table 89. Barnfind Technologies AS Recent Developments/Updates
Table 90. FEIG ELECTRONIC Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Company Information
Table 91. FEIG ELECTRONIC Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Specification and Application
Table 92. FEIG ELECTRONIC Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 93. FEIG ELECTRONIC Main Business and Markets Served
Table 94. FEIG ELECTRONIC Recent Developments/Updates
Table 95. Fiberroad Technology Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Company Information
Table 96. Fiberroad Technology Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Specification and Application
Table 97. Fiberroad Technology Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 98. Fiberroad Technology Main Business and Markets Served
Table 99. Fiberroad Technology Recent Developments/Updates
Table 100. ATI Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Company Information
Table 101. ATI Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Specification and Application
Table 102. ATI Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 103. ATI Main Business and Markets Served
Table 104. ATI Recent Developments/Updates
Table 105. FirstMile Communication Ltd Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Company Information
Table 106. FirstMile Communication Ltd Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Specification and Application
Table 107. FirstMile Communication Ltd Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 108. FirstMile Communication Ltd Main Business and Markets Served
Table 109. FirstMile Communication Ltd Recent Developments/Updates
Table 110. Hellma GmbH & Co. KG Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Company Information
Table 111. Hellma GmbH & Co. KG Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Specification and Application
Table 112. Hellma GmbH & Co. KG Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 113. Hellma GmbH & Co. KG Main Business and Markets Served
Table 114. Hellma GmbH & Co. KG Recent Developments/Updates
Table 115. TC Communications Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Company Information
Table 116. TC Communications Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Specification and Application
Table 117. TC Communications Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 118. TC Communications Main Business and Markets Served
Table 119. TC Communications Recent Developments/Updates
Table 120. J&M Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Company Information
Table 121. J&M Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Specification and Application
Table 122. J&M Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 123. J&M Main Business and Markets Served
Table 124. J&M Recent Developments/Updates
Table 125. LEMO Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Company Information
Table 126. LEMO Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Specification and Application
Table 127. LEMO Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 128. LEMO Main Business and Markets Served
Table 129. LEMO Recent Developments/Updates
Table 130. MICROSENS GmbH & Co. KG Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Company Information
Table 131. MICROSENS GmbH & Co. KG Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Specification and Application
Table 132. MICROSENS GmbH & Co. KG Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 133. MICROSENS GmbH & Co. KG Main Business and Markets Served
Table 134. MICROSENS GmbH & Co. KG Recent Developments/Updates
Table 135. Sontheim Industrie Elektronik GmbH Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Company Information
Table 136. Sontheim Industrie Elektronik GmbH Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Specification and Application
Table 137. Sontheim Industrie Elektronik GmbH Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 138. Sontheim Industrie Elektronik GmbH Main Business and Markets Served
Table 139. Sontheim Industrie Elektronik GmbH Recent Developments/Updates
Table 140. Stanford Research Systems Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Company Information
Table 141. Stanford Research Systems Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Specification and Application
Table 142. Stanford Research Systems Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 143. Stanford Research Systems Main Business and Markets Served
Table 144. Stanford Research Systems Recent Developments/Updates
Table 145. Tecsys do Brasil Industrial Ltda Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Company Information
Table 146. Tecsys do Brasil Industrial Ltda Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Specification and Application
Table 147. Tecsys do Brasil Industrial Ltda Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 148. Tecsys do Brasil Industrial Ltda Main Business and Markets Served
Table 149. Tecsys do Brasil Industrial Ltda Recent Developments/Updates
Table 150. Associated Research Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Company Information
Table 151. Associated Research Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Specification and Application
Table 152. Associated Research Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 153. Associated Research Main Business and Markets Served
Table 154. Associated Research Recent Developments/Updates
Table 155. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 156. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 157. Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Distributors List
Table 158. Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Customers List
Table 159. Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Market Trends
Table 160. Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Market Drivers
Table 161. Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Market Challenges
Table 162. Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Market Restraints
Table 163. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 164. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 165. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 166. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer
Figure 2. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 3. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Market Share by Type: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 4. Less than 10 Channels Product Picture
Figure 5. 10 to 20 Channels Product Picture
Figure 6. More than 20 Channels Product Picture
Figure 7. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 8. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Market Share by Application: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 9. Communication Systems
Figure 10. Telephone Network
Figure 11. Computer
Figure 12. Satellite
Figure 13. Other
Figure 14. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production Value (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 15. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production Value (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 16. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production Capacity (K Units) & (2020-2031)
Figure 17. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production (K Units) & (2020-2031)
Figure 18. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Average Price (US$/Unit) & (2020-2031)
Figure 19. Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Report Years Considered
Figure 20. Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production Share by Manufacturers in 2024
Figure 21. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2024)
Figure 22. Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2020 VS 2024
Figure 23. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Revenue in 2024
Figure 24. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 25. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production Value Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 26. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Figure 27. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 28. North America Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 29. Europe Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 30. China Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 31. Japan Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 32. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Consumption by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Figure 33. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Consumption Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 34. North America Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 35. North America Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 36. U.S. Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 37. Canada Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 38. Europe Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 39. Europe Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 40. Germany Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 41. France Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 42. U.K. Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 43. Italy Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 44. Netherlands Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 45. Asia Pacific Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 46. Asia Pacific Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 47. China Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 48. Japan Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 49. South Korea Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 50. China Taiwan Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 51. Southeast Asia Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 52. India Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 53. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 54. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 55. Mexico Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 56. Brazil Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 57. Israel Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 58. Global Production Market Share of Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 59. Global Production Value Market Share of Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 60. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 61. Global Production Market Share of Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 62. Global Production Value Market Share of Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 63. Global Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 64. Multi-channel Data Acquisition Multiplexer Value Chain
Figure 65. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 66. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 67. Data Triangulation
