List of Tables
Table 1. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 2. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 3. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production Capacity (Tons) by Manufacturers in 2024
Table 4. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 5. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 6. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production Value by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 8. Global Key Players of High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, Industry Ranking, 2023 VS 2024
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Production Value in High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as of 2024)
Table 10. Global Market High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/Ton) & (2020-2025)
Table 11. Global Key Manufacturers of High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, Product Offered and Application
Table 13. Global Key Manufacturers of High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 14. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 15. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 16. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 17. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 18. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production Value Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 19. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 20. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 21. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 22. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production (Tons) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 23. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 24. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production (Tons) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 25. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 26. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Market Average Price (US$/Ton) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 27. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Market Average Price (US$/Ton) by Region (2026-2031)
Table 28. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 29. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 30. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 31. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Forecasted Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 32. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2026-2031)
Table 33. North America High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 34. North America High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 35. North America High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 36. Europe High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 37. Europe High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 38. Europe High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 39. Asia Pacific High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 40. Asia Pacific High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 41. Asia Pacific High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 44. Latin America, Middle East & Africa High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 45. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production (Tons) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 46. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production (Tons) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 47. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 48. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 49. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 50. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 51. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production Value Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 52. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production Value Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 53. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 54. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 55. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production (Tons) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 56. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production (Tons) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 57. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 58. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 59. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 60. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 61. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production Value Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 62. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production Value Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 63. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 64. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 65. Timesnano High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Company Information
Table 66. Timesnano High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Specification and Application
Table 67. Timesnano High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 68. Timesnano Main Business and Markets Served
Table 69. Timesnano Recent Developments/Updates
Table 70. Alfa Chemistry High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Company Information
Table 71. Alfa Chemistry High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Specification and Application
Table 72. Alfa Chemistry High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 73. Alfa Chemistry Main Business and Markets Served
Table 74. Alfa Chemistry Recent Developments/Updates
Table 75. MSE Supplies High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Company Information
Table 76. MSE Supplies High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Specification and Application
Table 77. MSE Supplies High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 78. MSE Supplies Main Business and Markets Served
Table 79. MSE Supplies Recent Developments/Updates
Table 80. Merck Group High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Company Information
Table 81. Merck Group High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Specification and Application
Table 82. Merck Group High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 83. Merck Group Main Business and Markets Served
Table 84. Merck Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 85. Nanoshel High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Company Information
Table 86. Nanoshel High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Specification and Application
Table 87. Nanoshel High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 88. Nanoshel Main Business and Markets Served
Table 89. Nanoshel Recent Developments/Updates
Table 90. Raymor Industries High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Company Information
Table 91. Raymor Industries High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Specification and Application
Table 92. Raymor Industries High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 93. Raymor Industries Main Business and Markets Served
Table 94. Raymor Industries Recent Developments/Updates
Table 95. Nanochemazone High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Company Information
Table 96. Nanochemazone High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Specification and Application
Table 97. Nanochemazone High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 98. Nanochemazone Main Business and Markets Served
Table 99. Nanochemazone Recent Developments/Updates
Table 100. Meijo Nano Carbon High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Company Information
Table 101. Meijo Nano Carbon High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Specification and Application
Table 102. Meijo Nano Carbon High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 103. Meijo Nano Carbon Main Business and Markets Served
Table 104. Meijo Nano Carbon Recent Developments/Updates
Table 105. ACS Material High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Company Information
Table 106. ACS Material High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Specification and Application
Table 107. ACS Material High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 108. ACS Material Main Business and Markets Served
Table 109. ACS Material Recent Developments/Updates
Table 110. OCSiAl High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Company Information
Table 111. OCSiAl High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Specification and Application
Table 112. OCSiAl High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 113. OCSiAl Main Business and Markets Served
Table 114. OCSiAl Recent Developments/Updates
Table 115. ANR Technologies High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Company Information
Table 116. ANR Technologies High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Specification and Application
Table 117. ANR Technologies High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 118. ANR Technologies Main Business and Markets Served
Table 119. ANR Technologies Recent Developments/Updates
Table 120. Deyang Carbonene Technology High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Company Information
Table 121. Deyang Carbonene Technology High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Specification and Application
Table 122. Deyang Carbonene Technology High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 123. Deyang Carbonene Technology Main Business and Markets Served
Table 124. Deyang Carbonene Technology Recent Developments/Updates
Table 125. Jiangsu Xianfeng Nanomaterials High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Company Information
Table 126. Jiangsu Xianfeng Nanomaterials High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Specification and Application
Table 127. Jiangsu Xianfeng Nanomaterials High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 128. Jiangsu Xianfeng Nanomaterials Main Business and Markets Served
Table 129. Jiangsu Xianfeng Nanomaterials Recent Developments/Updates
Table 130. JiCang Nanotechnology High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Company Information
Table 131. JiCang Nanotechnology High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Specification and Application
Table 132. JiCang Nanotechnology High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 133. JiCang Nanotechnology Main Business and Markets Served
Table 134. JiCang Nanotechnology Recent Developments/Updates
Table 135. Nanjing Muke Nanotechnology High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Company Information
Table 136. Nanjing Muke Nanotechnology High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Specification and Application
Table 137. Nanjing Muke Nanotechnology High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 138. Nanjing Muke Nanotechnology Main Business and Markets Served
Table 139. Nanjing Muke Nanotechnology Recent Developments/Updates
Table 140. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 141. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 142. High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Distributors List
Table 143. High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Customers List
Table 144. High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Market Trends
Table 145. High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Market Drivers
Table 146. High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Market Challenges
Table 147. High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Market Restraints
Table 148. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 149. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 150. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 151. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Figure 2. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 3. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Market Share by Type: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 4. Laser Processing Type Product Picture
Figure 5. Arc Machining Type Product Picture
Figure 6. CVD Processing Type Product Picture
Figure 7. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 8. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Market Share by Application: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 9. Electronic Component
Figure 10. Biomedicine
Figure 11. Other
Figure 12. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production Value (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 13. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production Value (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 14. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production Capacity (Tons) & (2020-2031)
Figure 15. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production (Tons) & (2020-2031)
Figure 16. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Average Price (US$/Ton) & (2020-2031)
Figure 17. High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Report Years Considered
Figure 18. High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production Share by Manufacturers in 2024
Figure 19. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2024)
Figure 20. High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2020 VS 2024
Figure 21. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Revenue in 2024
Figure 22. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 23. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production Value Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 24. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Figure 25. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 26. North America High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 27. Europe High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 28. China High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 29. Japan High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 30. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Consumption by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Figure 31. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Consumption Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 32. North America High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 33. North America High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 34. U.S. High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 35. Canada High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 36. Europe High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 37. Europe High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 38. Germany High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 39. France High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 40. U.K. High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 41. Italy High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 42. Russia High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 43. Asia Pacific High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 44. Asia Pacific High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 45. China High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 46. Japan High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 47. South Korea High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 48. China Taiwan High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 49. Southeast Asia High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 50. India High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 51. Latin America, Middle East & Africa High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 52. Latin America, Middle East & Africa High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 53. Mexico High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 54. Brazil High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 55. Turkey High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 56. GCC Countries High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 57. Global Production Market Share of High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 58. Global Production Value Market Share of High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 59. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 60. Global Production Market Share of High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 61. Global Production Value Market Share of High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 62. Global High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 63. High Purified Amio Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Value Chain
Figure 64. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 65. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 66. Data Triangulation