List of Tables
Table 1. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 2. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 3. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production Capacity (Units) by Manufacturers in 2024
Table 4. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 5. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 6. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production Value by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 8. Global Key Players of Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment, Industry Ranking, 2023 VS 2024
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Production Value in Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment as of 2024)
Table 10. Global Market Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/Unit) & (2020-2025)
Table 11. Global Key Manufacturers of Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment, Product Offered and Application
Table 13. Global Key Manufacturers of Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment, Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 14. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 15. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 16. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 17. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 18. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production Value Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 19. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 20. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 21. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Table 22. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production (Units) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 23. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 24. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production (Units) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 25. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 26. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 27. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2026-2031)
Table 28. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Table 29. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 30. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 31. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Forecasted Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 32. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2026-2031)
Table 33. North America Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Table 34. North America Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 35. North America Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 36. Europe Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Table 37. Europe Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 38. Europe Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 39. Asia Pacific Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 41. Asia Pacific Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 44. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 45. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production (Units) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 46. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production (Units) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 47. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 48. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 49. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 50. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 51. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production Value Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 52. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production Value Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 53. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 54. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 55. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production (Units) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 56. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production (Units) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 57. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 58. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 59. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 60. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 61. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production Value Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 62. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production Value Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 63. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 64. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 65. LNS Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Company Information
Table 66. LNS Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Specification and Application
Table 67. LNS Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 68. LNS Main Business and Markets Served
Table 69. LNS Recent Developments/Updates
Table 70. Bucci Industries Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Company Information
Table 71. Bucci Industries Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Specification and Application
Table 72. Bucci Industries Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 73. Bucci Industries Main Business and Markets Served
Table 74. Bucci Industries Recent Developments/Updates
Table 75. Top Automazioni Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Company Information
Table 76. Top Automazioni Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Specification and Application
Table 77. Top Automazioni Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 78. Top Automazioni Main Business and Markets Served
Table 79. Top Automazioni Recent Developments/Updates
Table 80. Alps Tool Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Company Information
Table 81. Alps Tool Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Specification and Application
Table 82. Alps Tool Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 83. Alps Tool Main Business and Markets Served
Table 84. Alps Tool Recent Developments/Updates
Table 85. PRO Machinery Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Company Information
Table 86. PRO Machinery Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Specification and Application
Table 87. PRO Machinery Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 88. PRO Machinery Main Business and Markets Served
Table 89. PRO Machinery Recent Developments/Updates
Table 90. Haas Automation Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Company Information
Table 91. Haas Automation Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Specification and Application
Table 92. Haas Automation Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 93. Haas Automation Main Business and Markets Served
Table 94. Haas Automation Recent Developments/Updates
Table 95. INDEX Corporation Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Company Information
Table 96. INDEX Corporation Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Specification and Application
Table 97. INDEX Corporation Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 98. INDEX Corporation Main Business and Markets Served
Table 99. INDEX Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
Table 100. Tornos SA Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Company Information
Table 101. Tornos SA Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Specification and Application
Table 102. Tornos SA Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 103. Tornos SA Main Business and Markets Served
Table 104. Tornos SA Recent Developments/Updates
Table 105. Ikura Seiki Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Company Information
Table 106. Ikura Seiki Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Specification and Application
Table 107. Ikura Seiki Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 108. Ikura Seiki Main Business and Markets Served
Table 109. Ikura Seiki Recent Developments/Updates
Table 110. Barload Machine Co Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Company Information
Table 111. Barload Machine Co Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Specification and Application
Table 112. Barload Machine Co Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 113. Barload Machine Co Main Business and Markets Served
Table 114. Barload Machine Co Recent Developments/Updates
Table 115. FMB Maschinenbau Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Company Information
Table 116. FMB Maschinenbau Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Specification and Application
Table 117. FMB Maschinenbau Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 118. FMB Maschinenbau Main Business and Markets Served
Table 119. FMB Maschinenbau Recent Developments/Updates
Table 120. CNC Technology Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Company Information
Table 121. CNC Technology Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Specification and Application
Table 122. CNC Technology Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 123. CNC Technology Main Business and Markets Served
Table 124. CNC Technology Recent Developments/Updates
Table 125. Cucchi BLT srl Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Company Information
Table 126. Cucchi BLT srl Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Specification and Application
Table 127. Cucchi BLT srl Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 128. Cucchi BLT srl Main Business and Markets Served
Table 129. Cucchi BLT srl Recent Developments/Updates
Table 130. Cucchi Giovanni Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Company Information
Table 131. Cucchi Giovanni Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Specification and Application
Table 132. Cucchi Giovanni Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 133. Cucchi Giovanni Main Business and Markets Served
Table 134. Cucchi Giovanni Recent Developments/Updates
Table 135. Edge Technologies Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Company Information
Table 136. Edge Technologies Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Specification and Application
Table 137. Edge Technologies Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 138. Edge Technologies Main Business and Markets Served
Table 139. Edge Technologies Recent Developments/Updates
Table 140. Goodway Machine Corp Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Company Information
Table 141. Goodway Machine Corp Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Specification and Application
Table 142. Goodway Machine Corp Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 143. Goodway Machine Corp Main Business and Markets Served
Table 144. Goodway Machine Corp Recent Developments/Updates
Table 145. Hydrafeed Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Company Information
Table 146. Hydrafeed Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Specification and Application
Table 147. Hydrafeed Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 148. Hydrafeed Main Business and Markets Served
Table 149. Hydrafeed Recent Developments/Updates
Table 150. Marubeni Citizen-Cincom Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Company Information
Table 151. Marubeni Citizen-Cincom Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Specification and Application
Table 152. Marubeni Citizen-Cincom Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 153. Marubeni Citizen-Cincom Main Business and Markets Served
Table 154. Marubeni Citizen-Cincom Recent Developments/Updates
Table 155. Breuning IRCO Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Company Information
Table 156. Breuning IRCO Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Specification and Application
Table 157. Breuning IRCO Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 158. Breuning IRCO Main Business and Markets Served
Table 159. Breuning IRCO Recent Developments/Updates
Table 160. Samsys Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Company Information
Table 161. Samsys Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Specification and Application
Table 162. Samsys Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 163. Samsys Main Business and Markets Served
Table 164. Samsys Recent Developments/Updates
Table 165. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 166. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 167. Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Distributors List
Table 168. Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Customers List
Table 169. Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Market Trends
Table 170. Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Market Drivers
Table 171. Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Market Challenges
Table 172. Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Market Restraints
Table 173. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 174. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 175. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 176. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment
Figure 2. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 3. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Market Share by Type: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 4. 6’ Bar Equipment Product Picture
Figure 5. 8’ Bar Equipment Product Picture
Figure 6. 10’ Bar Equipment Product Picture
Figure 7. 12’ Bar Equipment Product Picture
Figure 8. Others Product Picture
Figure 9. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 10. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Market Share by Application: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 11. Fixed Head Lathe
Figure 12. Sliding Head Lathe
Figure 13. Others
Figure 14. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production Value (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 15. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production Value (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 16. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production Capacity (Units) & (2020-2031)
Figure 17. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production (Units) & (2020-2031)
Figure 18. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Average Price (US$/Unit) & (2020-2031)
Figure 19. Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Report Years Considered
Figure 20. Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production Share by Manufacturers in 2024
Figure 21. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2024)
Figure 22. Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2020 VS 2024
Figure 23. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Revenue in 2024
Figure 24. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 25. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production Value Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 26. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Figure 27. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 28. North America Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 29. Europe Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 30. China Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 31. Japan Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 32. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Consumption by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Figure 33. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Consumption Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 34. North America Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 35. North America Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 36. U.S. Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 37. Canada Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 38. Europe Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 39. Europe Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 40. Germany Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 41. France Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 42. U.K. Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 43. Italy Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 44. Netherlands Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 45. Asia Pacific Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 46. Asia Pacific Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 47. China Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 48. Japan Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 49. South Korea Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 50. China Taiwan Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 51. Southeast Asia Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 52. India Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 53. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 54. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 55. Mexico Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 56. Brazil Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 57. Turkey Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 58. GCC Countries Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 59. Global Production Market Share of Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 60. Global Production Value Market Share of Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 61. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 62. Global Production Market Share of Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 63. Global Production Value Market Share of Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 64. Global Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 65. Automatic Conveyor Material Bars Equipment Value Chain
Figure 66. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 67. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 68. Data Triangulation