List of Tables
Table 1. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Market Value by Type (US$ Million), 2025 vs 2032
Table 2. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Market Value by Application (US$ Million), 2025 vs 2032
Table 3. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production Capacity (K Units) by Manufacturers in 2025
Table 4. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production by Manufacturers (K Units), 2021–2026
Table 5. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2021–2026)
Table 6. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production Value by Manufacturers (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 7. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2021–2026)
Table 8. Global Key Players of Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer, Industry Ranking, 2024 vs 2025
Table 9. Classification of Companies by Tier (Tier 1, Tier 2, Tier 3), based on Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production Value, 2025
Table 10. Global Market Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/Unit), 2021–2026
Table 11. Global Key Manufacturers of Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer, Manufacturing Footprints and Headquarters
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer, Product Offerings and Applications
Table 13. Global Key Manufacturers of Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer, Date of Entry into the Industry
Table 14. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 15. Mergers & Acquisitions and Expansion Plans
Table 16. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production Value by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (US$ Million)
Table 17. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2021–2026)
Table 18. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production Value Market Share by Region (2021–2026)
Table 19. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2027–2032)
Table 20. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2027–2032)
Table 21. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production Comparison by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (K Units)
Table 22. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production (K Units) by Region (2021–2026)
Table 23. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production Market Share by Region (2021–2026)
Table 24. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production (K Units) Forecast by Region (2027–2032)
Table 25. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2027–2032)
Table 26. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2021–2026)
Table 27. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2027–2032)
Table 28. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (K Units)
Table 29. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Consumption by Region (K Units), 2021–2026
Table 30. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Consumption Market Share by Region (2021–2026)
Table 31. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Forecasted Consumption by Region (K Units), 2027–2032
Table 32. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2027–2032)
Table 33. North America Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (K Units)
Table 34. North America Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Consumption by Country (K Units), 2021–2026
Table 35. North America Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Consumption by Country (K Units), 2027–2032
Table 36. Europe Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (K Units)
Table 37. Europe Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Consumption by Country (K Units), 2021–2026
Table 38. Europe Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Consumption by Country (K Units), 2027–2032
Table 39. Asia Pacific Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (K Units)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Consumption by Region (K Units), 2021–2026
Table 41. Asia Pacific Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Consumption by Region (K Units), 2027–2032
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (K Units)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Consumption by Country (K Units), 2021–2026
Table 44. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Consumption by Country (K Units), 2027–2032
Table 45. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production (K Units) by Type (2021–2026)
Table 46. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production (K Units) by Type (2027–2032)
Table 47. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production Market Share by Type (2021–2026)
Table 48. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production Market Share by Type (2027–2032)
Table 49. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2021–2026)
Table 50. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2027–2032)
Table 51. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production Value Market Share by Type (2021–2026)
Table 52. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production Value Market Share by Type (2027–2032)
Table 53. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2021–2026)
Table 54. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2027–2032)
Table 55. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production (K Units) by Application (2021–2026)
Table 56. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production (K Units) by Application (2027–2032)
Table 57. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production Market Share by Application (2021–2026)
Table 58. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production Market Share by Application (2027–2032)
Table 59. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2021–2026)
Table 60. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2027–2032)
Table 61. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production Value Market Share by Application (2021–2026)
Table 62. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production Value Market Share by Application (2027–2032)
Table 63. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2021–2026)
Table 64. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2027–2032)
Table 65. Horiba Scientific Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Company Information
Table 66. Horiba Scientific Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Specification and Application
Table 67. Horiba Scientific Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 68. Horiba Scientific Main Business and Markets Served
Table 69. Horiba Scientific Recent Developments/Updates
Table 70. Malvern Panalytical (Spectris) Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Company Information
Table 71. Malvern Panalytical (Spectris) Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Specification and Application
Table 72. Malvern Panalytical (Spectris) Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 73. Malvern Panalytical (Spectris) Main Business and Markets Served
Table 74. Malvern Panalytical (Spectris) Recent Developments/Updates
Table 75. Beckman Coulter Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Company Information
Table 76. Beckman Coulter Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Specification and Application
Table 77. Beckman Coulter Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 78. Beckman Coulter Main Business and Markets Served
Table 79. Beckman Coulter Recent Developments/Updates
Table 80. Anton Paar Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Company Information
Table 81. Anton Paar Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Specification and Application
Table 82. Anton Paar Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 83. Anton Paar Main Business and Markets Served
Table 84. Anton Paar Recent Developments/Updates
Table 85. Microtrac MRB Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Company Information
Table 86. Microtrac MRB Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Specification and Application
Table 87. Microtrac MRB Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 88. Microtrac MRB Main Business and Markets Served
Table 89. Microtrac MRB Recent Developments/Updates
Table 90. Sympatec Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Company Information
Table 91. Sympatec Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Specification and Application
Table 92. Sympatec Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 93. Sympatec Main Business and Markets Served
Table 94. Sympatec Recent Developments/Updates
Table 95. FRITSCH Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Company Information
Table 96. FRITSCH Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Specification and Application
Table 97. FRITSCH Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 98. FRITSCH Main Business and Markets Served
Table 99. FRITSCH Recent Developments/Updates
Table 100. Shimadzu Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Company Information
Table 101. Shimadzu Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Specification and Application
Table 102. Shimadzu Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 103. Shimadzu Main Business and Markets Served
Table 104. Shimadzu Recent Developments/Updates
Table 105. Otsuka Electronics Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Company Information
Table 106. Otsuka Electronics Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Specification and Application
Table 107. Otsuka Electronics Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 108. Otsuka Electronics Main Business and Markets Served
Table 109. Otsuka Electronics Recent Developments/Updates
Table 110. Entegris Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Company Information
Table 111. Entegris Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Specification and Application
Table 112. Entegris Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 113. Entegris Main Business and Markets Served
Table 114. Entegris Recent Developments/Updates
Table 115. Brookhaven Instruments Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Company Information
Table 116. Brookhaven Instruments Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Specification and Application
Table 117. Brookhaven Instruments Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 118. Brookhaven Instruments Main Business and Markets Served
Table 119. Brookhaven Instruments Recent Developments/Updates
Table 120. Micromeritics Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Company Information
Table 121. Micromeritics Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Specification and Application
Table 122. Micromeritics Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 123. Micromeritics Main Business and Markets Served
Table 124. Micromeritics Recent Developments/Updates
Table 125. Zhouhai Omec Instruments Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Company Information
Table 126. Zhouhai Omec Instruments Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Specification and Application
Table 127. Zhouhai Omec Instruments Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 128. Zhouhai Omec Instruments Main Business and Markets Served
Table 129. Zhouhai Omec Instruments Recent Developments/Updates
Table 130. Bettersize Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Company Information
Table 131. Bettersize Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Specification and Application
Table 132. Bettersize Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 133. Bettersize Main Business and Markets Served
Table 134. Bettersize Recent Developments/Updates
Table 135. Chengdu Jingxin Powder Testing Equipment Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Company Information
Table 136. Chengdu Jingxin Powder Testing Equipment Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Specification and Application
Table 137. Chengdu Jingxin Powder Testing Equipment Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 138. Chengdu Jingxin Powder Testing Equipment Main Business and Markets Served
Table 139. Chengdu Jingxin Powder Testing Equipment Recent Developments/Updates
Table 140. Jinan Winner Particle Instrument Stock Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Company Information
Table 141. Jinan Winner Particle Instrument Stock Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Specification and Application
Table 142. Jinan Winner Particle Instrument Stock Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021–2026)
Table 143. Jinan Winner Particle Instrument Stock Main Business and Markets Served
Table 144. Jinan Winner Particle Instrument Stock Recent Developments/Updates
Table 145. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 146. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 147. Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Distributors List
Table 148. Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Customers List
Table 149. Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Market Trends
Table 150. Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Market Drivers
Table 151. Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Market Challenges
Table 152. Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Market Restraints
Table 153. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 154. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 155. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 156. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer
Figure 2. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Market Value by Type (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 3. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Market Share by Type: 2025 vs 2032
Figure 4. Wet Method Product Picture
Figure 5. Dry Method Product Picture
Figure 6. Dry and Wet In One Product Picture
Figure 7. Others Product Picture
Figure 8. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Market Value by Application (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 9. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Market Share by Application: 2025 vs 2032
Figure 10. Chemical
Figure 11. Biopharmaceutical
Figure 12. Scientific Research
Figure 13. Others
Figure 14. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production Value (US$ Million), 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Figure 15. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production Value (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 16. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production Capacity (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 17. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 18. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Average Price (US$/Unit), 2021–2032
Figure 19. Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Report Years Considered
Figure 20. Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production Share by Manufacturers in 2025
Figure 21. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2025)
Figure 22. Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2021 vs 2025
Figure 23. Top 5 and Top 10 Global Players: Market Share by Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Revenue in 2025
Figure 24. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production Value by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (US$ Million)
Figure 25. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production Value Market Share by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Figure 26. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production Comparison by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (K Units)
Figure 27. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production Market Share by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Figure 28. North America Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2021–2032)
Figure 29. Europe Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2021–2032)
Figure 30. China Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2021–2032)
Figure 31. Japan Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2021–2032)
Figure 32. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Consumption by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032 (K Units)
Figure 33. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Consumption Market Share by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Figure 34. North America Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 35. North America Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Consumption Market Share by Country (2021–2032)
Figure 36. U.S. Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 37. Canada Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 38. Europe Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 39. Europe Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Consumption Market Share by Country (2021–2032)
Figure 40. Germany Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 41. France Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 42. U.K. Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 43. Italy Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 44. Russia Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 45. Asia Pacific Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 46. Asia Pacific Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Consumption Market Share by Region (2021–2032)
Figure 47. China Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 48. Japan Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 49. South Korea Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 50. China Taiwan Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 51. Southeast Asia Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 52. India Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 53. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 54. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Consumption Market Share by Country (2021–2032)
Figure 55. Mexico Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 56. Brazil Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 57. Turkey Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 58. GCC Countries Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units), 2021–2032
Figure 59. Global Production Market Share of Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer by Type (2021–2032)
Figure 60. Global Production Value Market Share of Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer by Type (2021–2032)
Figure 61. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2021–2032)
Figure 62. Global Production Market Share of Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer by Application (2021–2032)
Figure 63. Global Production Value Market Share of Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer by Application (2021–2032)
Figure 64. Global Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2021–2032)
Figure 65. Laser Scattering Particle SizeDistribution Analyzer Value Chain
Figure 66. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 67. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 68. Data Triangulation
