List of Tables
Table 1. Global Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size Growth Rate by Type (US$ Million): 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Table 2. Key Players of SFP
Table 3. Key Players of SFP+
Table 4. Key Players of QSFP/QSFP+
Table 5. Key Players of XFP
Table 6. Key Players of CXP
Table 7. Key Players of Others
Table 8. Global Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size Growth by Application (US$ Million): 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Table 9. Global Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size by Region (US$ Million): 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Table 10. Global Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size by Region (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 11. Global Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 12. Global Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Forecasted Market Size by Region (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 13. Global Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Share by Region (2025-2030)
Table 14. Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Trends
Table 15. Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Drivers
Table 16. Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Challenges
Table 17. Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Restraints
Table 18. Global Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Revenue by Players (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 19. Global Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Share by Players (2019-2024)
Table 20. Global Top Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Players by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) as of 2023)
Table 21. Ranking of Global Top Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Companies by Revenue (US$ Million) in 2023
Table 22. Global 5 Largest Players Market Share by Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Revenue (CR5 and HHI) & (2019-2024)
Table 23. Key Players Headquarters and Area Served
Table 24. Key Players Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Product Solution and Service
Table 25. Date of Enter into Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market
Table 26. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 27. Global Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size by Type (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 28. Global Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Revenue Market Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 29. Global Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Forecasted Market Size by Type (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 30. Global Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Revenue Market Share by Type (2025-2030)
Table 31. Global Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size by Application (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 32. Global Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Revenue Market Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 33. Global Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Forecasted Market Size by Application (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 34. Global Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Revenue Market Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 35. North America Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size Growth Rate by Country (US$ Million): 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Table 36. North America Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size by Country (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 37. North America Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size by Country (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 38. Europe Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size Growth Rate by Country (US$ Million): 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Table 39. Europe Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size by Country (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 40. Europe Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size by Country (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 41. Asia-Pacific Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size Growth Rate by Region (US$ Million): 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Table 42. Asia-Pacific Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size by Region (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 43. Asia-Pacific Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size by Region (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 44. Latin America Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size Growth Rate by Country (US$ Million): 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Table 45. Latin America Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size by Country (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 46. Latin America Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size by Country (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 47. Middle East & Africa Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size Growth Rate by Country (US$ Million): 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Table 48. Middle East & Africa Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size by Country (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 49. Middle East & Africa Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size by Country (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 50. II-VI Incorporated Company Detail
Table 51. II-VI Incorporated Business Overview
Table 52. II-VI Incorporated Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Product
Table 53. II-VI Incorporated Revenue in Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 54. II-VI Incorporated Recent Development
Table 55. Broadcom Company Detail
Table 56. Broadcom Business Overview
Table 57. Broadcom Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Product
Table 58. Broadcom Revenue in Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 59. Broadcom Recent Development
Table 60. Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. Company Detail
Table 61. Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. Business Overview
Table 62. Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Product
Table 63. Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. Revenue in Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 64. Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. Recent Development
Table 65. Molex Incorporated Company Detail
Table 66. Molex Incorporated Business Overview
Table 67. Molex Incorporated Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Product
Table 68. Molex Incorporated Revenue in Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 69. Molex Incorporated Recent Development
Table 70. Samtec Company Detail
Table 71. Samtec Business Overview
Table 72. Samtec Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Product
Table 73. Samtec Revenue in Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 74. Samtec Recent Development
Table 75. Shenzhen Gigalight Technology Co., Ltd. Company Detail
Table 76. Shenzhen Gigalight Technology Co., Ltd. Business Overview
Table 77. Shenzhen Gigalight Technology Co., Ltd. Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Product
Table 78. Shenzhen Gigalight Technology Co., Ltd. Revenue in Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 79. Shenzhen Gigalight Technology Co., Ltd. Recent Development
Table 80. The Siemon Company Company Detail
Table 81. The Siemon Company Business Overview
Table 82. The Siemon Company Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Product
Table 83. The Siemon Company Revenue in Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 84. The Siemon Company Recent Development
Table 85. Accelink Company Detail
Table 86. Accelink Business Overview
Table 87. Accelink Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Product
Table 88. Accelink Revenue in Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 89. Accelink Recent Development
Table 90. Huawei Company Detail
Table 91. Huawei Business Overview
Table 92. Huawei Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Product
Table 93. Huawei Revenue in Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 94. Huawei Recent Development
Table 95. Leoni AG Company Detail
Table 96. Leoni AG Business Overview
Table 97. Leoni AG Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Product
Table 98. Leoni AG Revenue in Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 99. Leoni AG Recent Development
Table 100. Amphenol Company Detail
Table 101. Amphenol Business Overview
Table 102. Amphenol Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Product
Table 103. Amphenol Revenue in Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 104. Amphenol Recent Development
Table 105. CBO GmbH Company Detail
Table 106. CBO GmbH Business Overview
Table 107. CBO GmbH Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Product
Table 108. CBO GmbH Revenue in Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 109. CBO GmbH Recent Development
Table 110. Mellanox Company Detail
Table 111. Mellanox Business Overview
Table 112. Mellanox Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Product
Table 113. Mellanox Revenue in Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 114. Mellanox Recent Development
Table 115. Foxconn Interconnect Technology Company Detail
Table 116. Foxconn Interconnect Technology Business Overview
Table 117. Foxconn Interconnect Technology Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Product
Table 118. Foxconn Interconnect Technology Revenue in Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 119. Foxconn Interconnect Technology Recent Development
Table 120. FS Company Detail
Table 121. FS Business Overview
Table 122. FS Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Product
Table 123. FS Revenue in Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 124. FS Recent Development
Table 125. Intel Company Detail
Table 126. Intel Business Overview
Table 127. Intel Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Product
Table 128. Intel Revenue in Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 129. Intel Recent Development
Table 130. Juniper Networks Company Detail
Table 131. Juniper Networks Business Overview
Table 132. Juniper Networks Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Product
Table 133. Juniper Networks Revenue in Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 134. Juniper Networks Recent Development
Table 135. Nexans Company Detail
Table 136. Nexans Business Overview
Table 137. Nexans Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Product
Table 138. Nexans Revenue in Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 139. Nexans Recent Development
Table 140. Cisco Company Detail
Table 141. Cisco Business Overview
Table 142. Cisco Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Product
Table 143. Cisco Revenue in Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 144. Cisco Recent Development
Table 145. 3c-Link Company Detail
Table 146. 3c-Link Business Overview
Table 147. 3c-Link Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Product
Table 148. 3c-Link Revenue in Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 149. 3c-Link Recent Development
Table 150. Centera Photonics Inc. Company Detail
Table 151. Centera Photonics Inc. Business Overview
Table 152. Centera Photonics Inc. Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Product
Table 153. Centera Photonics Inc. Revenue in Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 154. Centera Photonics Inc. Recent Development
Table 155. 10Gtek Transceivers Co., Ltd Company Detail
Table 156. 10Gtek Transceivers Co., Ltd Business Overview
Table 157. 10Gtek Transceivers Co., Ltd Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Product
Table 158. 10Gtek Transceivers Co., Ltd Revenue in Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 159. 10Gtek Transceivers Co., Ltd Recent Development
Table 160. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 161. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 162. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Global Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size Comparison by Type (2024-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 2. Global Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Share by Type: 2023 VS 2030
Figure 3. SFP Features
Figure 4. SFP+ Features
Figure 5. QSFP/QSFP+ Features
Figure 6. XFP Features
Figure 7. CXP Features
Figure 8. Others Features
Figure 9. Global Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size Comparison by Application (2024-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 10. Global Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Share by Application: 2023 VS 2030
Figure 11. Telecom Case Studies
Figure 12. Datacom Case Studies
Figure 13. Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Report Years Considered
Figure 14. Global Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size (US$ Million), Year-over-Year: 2019-2030
Figure 15. Global Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size, (US$ Million), 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 16. Global Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Share by Region: 2023 VS 2030
Figure 17. Global Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Share by Players in 2023
Figure 18. Global Top Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Players by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) as of 2023)
Figure 19. The Top 10 and 5 Players Market Share by Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Revenue in 2023
Figure 20. North America Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 21. North America Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 22. United States Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 23. Canada Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 24. Europe Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 25. Europe Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 26. Germany Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 27. France Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 28. U.K. Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 29. Italy Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 30. Russia Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 31. Nordic Countries Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 32. Asia-Pacific Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 33. Asia-Pacific Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Share by Region (2019-2030)
Figure 34. China Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 35. Japan Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 36. South Korea Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 37. Southeast Asia Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 38. India Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 39. Australia Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 40. Latin America Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 41. Latin America Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 42. Mexico Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 43. Brazil Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 44. Middle East & Africa Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 45. Middle East & Africa Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 46. Turkey Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 47. Saudi Arabia Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 48. II-VI Incorporated Revenue Growth Rate in Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Business (2019-2024)
Figure 49. Broadcom Revenue Growth Rate in Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Business (2019-2024)
Figure 50. Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. Revenue Growth Rate in Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Business (2019-2024)
Figure 51. Molex Incorporated Revenue Growth Rate in Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Business (2019-2024)
Figure 52. Samtec Revenue Growth Rate in Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Business (2019-2024)
Figure 53. Shenzhen Gigalight Technology Co., Ltd. Revenue Growth Rate in Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Business (2019-2024)
Figure 54. The Siemon Company Revenue Growth Rate in Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Business (2019-2024)
Figure 55. Accelink Revenue Growth Rate in Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Business (2019-2024)
Figure 56. Huawei Revenue Growth Rate in Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Business (2019-2024)
Figure 57. Leoni AG Revenue Growth Rate in Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Business (2019-2024)
Figure 58. Amphenol Revenue Growth Rate in Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Business (2019-2024)
Figure 59. CBO GmbH Revenue Growth Rate in Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Business (2019-2024)
Figure 60. Mellanox Revenue Growth Rate in Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Business (2019-2024)
Figure 61. Foxconn Interconnect Technology Revenue Growth Rate in Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Business (2019-2024)
Figure 62. FS Revenue Growth Rate in Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Business (2019-2024)
Figure 63. Intel Revenue Growth Rate in Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Business (2019-2024)
Figure 64. Juniper Networks Revenue Growth Rate in Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Business (2019-2024)
Figure 65. Nexans Revenue Growth Rate in Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Business (2019-2024)
Figure 66. Cisco Revenue Growth Rate in Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Business (2019-2024)
Figure 67. 3c-Link Revenue Growth Rate in Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Business (2019-2024)
Figure 68. Centera Photonics Inc. Revenue Growth Rate in Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Business (2019-2024)
Figure 69. 10Gtek Transceivers Co., Ltd Revenue Growth Rate in Active Optical Cable (AOC) & Direct Attach Cables (DAC) Business (2019-2024)
Figure 70. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 71. Data Triangulation
Figure 72. Key Executives Interviewed