List of Tables
Table 1. Global Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 2. Global Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 3. Global Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 4. Global Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Revenue by Region (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 5. Global Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Revenue by Region (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 6. Global Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 7. Global Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales by Region (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 8. Global Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales by Region (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 9. Emerging Market Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 10. Global Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Production Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 11. Global Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Production by Region (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 12. Global Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Production by Region (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 13. Global Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 14. Global Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 15. Global Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Revenue by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 16. Global Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 17. Global Key Manufacturers’Ranking Shift (2023 vs. 2024) (Based on Revenue)
Table 18. Global Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve by Manufacturer Tier (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve as of 2024)
Table 19. Global Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Average Gross Margin (%) by Manufacturer (2020 VS 2024)
Table 20. Global Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Average Selling Price (ASP) by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$/Unit)
Table 21. Key Manufacturers Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Manufacturing Base and Headquarters
Table 22. Global Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 23. Key Market Entrant/Exit (2020-2024) – Drivers & Impact Analysis
Table 24. Key Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans, R&D Investment
Table 25. Global Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales by Type (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 26. Global Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales by Type (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 27. Global Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Revenue by Type (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 28. Global Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Revenue by Type (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 29. Global Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve ASP by Type (2020-2031) & (US$/Unit)
Table 30. Technical Specifications by Key Product Type
Table 31. Global Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales by Application (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 32. Global Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales by Application (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 33. Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve High-Growth Sectors Demand CAGR (2024-2031)
Table 34. Global Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Revenue by Application (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 35. Global Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Revenue by Application (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 36. Global Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve ASP by Application (2020-2031) & (US$/Unit)
Table 37. Top Customers by Region
Table 38. Top Customers by Application
Table 39. North America Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Growth Accelerators and Market Barriers
Table 40. North America Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 41. North America Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales (K Units) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
Table 42. Europe Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Growth Accelerators and Market Barriers
Table 43. Europe Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 44. Europe Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales (K Units) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
Table 45. Asia-Pacific Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 46. Asia-Pacific Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales (K Units) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
Table 47. Asia-Pacific Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Growth Accelerators and Market Barriers
Table 48. Southeast Asia Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 49. Central and South America Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Investment Opportunities and Key Challenges
Table 50. Central and South America Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 51. Middle East and Africa Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Investment Opportunities and Key Challenges
Table 52. Middle East and Africa Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 53. Weelon Valve Corporation Information
Table 54. Weelon Valve Description and Major Businesses
Table 55. Weelon Valve Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 56. Weelon Valve Capacity, Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 57. Weelon Valve Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 58. Weelon Valve Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 59. Weelon Valve Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 60. Weelon Valve Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve SWOT Analysis
Table 61. Weelon Valve Recent Developments
Table 62. Kost Corporation Information
Table 63. Kost Description and Major Businesses
Table 64. Kost Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 65. Kost Capacity, Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 66. Kost Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 67. Kost Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 68. Kost Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 69. Kost Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve SWOT Analysis
Table 70. Kost Recent Developments
Table 71. A-T Controls Corporation Information
Table 72. A-T Controls Description and Major Businesses
Table 73. A-T Controls Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 74. A-T Controls Capacity, Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 75. A-T Controls Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 76. A-T Controls Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 77. A-T Controls Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 78. A-T Controls Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve SWOT Analysis
Table 79. A-T Controls Recent Developments
Table 80. Xineng Tech Corporation Information
Table 81. Xineng Tech Description and Major Businesses
Table 82. Xineng Tech Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 83. Xineng Tech Capacity, Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 84. Xineng Tech Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 85. Xineng Tech Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 86. Xineng Tech Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 87. Xineng Tech Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve SWOT Analysis
Table 88. Xineng Tech Recent Developments
Table 89. Hongyu Valve Corporation Information
Table 90. Hongyu Valve Description and Major Businesses
Table 91. Hongyu Valve Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 92. Hongyu Valve Capacity, Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 93. Hongyu Valve Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 94. Hongyu Valve Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 95. Hongyu Valve Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 96. Hongyu Valve Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve SWOT Analysis
Table 97. Hongyu Valve Recent Developments
Table 98. Anlon Corporation Information
Table 99. Anlon Description and Major Businesses
Table 100. Anlon Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 101. Anlon Capacity, Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 102. Anlon Recent Developments
Table 103. Xima Valve Corporation Information
Table 104. Xima Valve Description and Major Businesses
Table 105. Xima Valve Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 106. Xima Valve Capacity, Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 107. Xima Valve Recent Developments
Table 108. Xinghua Corporation Information
Table 109. Xinghua Description and Major Businesses
Table 110. Xinghua Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 111. Xinghua Capacity, Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 112. Xinghua Recent Developments
Table 113. Orbis Corporation Information
Table 114. Orbis Description and Major Businesses
Table 115. Orbis Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 116. Orbis Capacity, Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 117. Orbis Recent Developments
Table 118. Gaohua Valve Corporation Information
Table 119. Gaohua Valve Description and Major Businesses
Table 120. Gaohua Valve Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 121. Gaohua Valve Capacity, Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 122. Gaohua Valve Recent Developments
Table 123. Baolong Valve Corporation Information
Table 124. Baolong Valve Description and Major Businesses
Table 125. Baolong Valve Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 126. Baolong Valve Capacity, Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 127. Baolong Valve Recent Developments
Table 128. Hongda Valve Corporation Information
Table 129. Hongda Valve Description and Major Businesses
Table 130. Hongda Valve Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 131. Hongda Valve Capacity, Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 132. Hongda Valve Recent Developments
Table 133. Huahai Valve Corporation Information
Table 134. Huahai Valve Description and Major Businesses
Table 135. Huahai Valve Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 136. Huahai Valve Capacity, Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 137. Huahai Valve Recent Developments
Table 138. Ruixin Valve Corporation Information
Table 139. Ruixin Valve Description and Major Businesses
Table 140. Ruixin Valve Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 141. Ruixin Valve Capacity, Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 142. Ruixin Valve Recent Developments
Table 143. Deli Valve Corporation Information
Table 144. Deli Valve Description and Major Businesses
Table 145. Deli Valve Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 146. Deli Valve Capacity, Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 147. Deli Valve Recent Developments
Table 148. Key Raw Materials Distribution
Table 149. Raw Materials Key Suppliers
Table 150. Critical Raw Material Supplier Concentration (2024) & Risk Index
Table 151. Milestones in Production Technology Evolution
Table 152. Distributors List
Table 153. Market Trends and Market Evolution
Table 154. Market Drivers and Opportunities
Table 155. Market Challenges, Risks, and Restraints
Table 156. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 157. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 158. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Product Picture
Figure 2. Global Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 3. Manual Product Picture
Figure 4. Pneumatic Product Picture
Figure 5. Electric Product Picture
Figure 6. Global Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 7. Chemical Industry
Figure 8. Petrochemical
Figure 9. Others
Figure 10. Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Report Years Considered
Figure 11. Global Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Revenue, (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 12. Global Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 13. Global Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Revenue (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 14. Global Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Revenue Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 15. Global Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 16. Global Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales (CAGR) by Region (2020-2031) (K Units)
Figure 17. Global Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 18. Global Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Capacity, Production and Utilization (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 19. Global Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Production Trend by Region (2020-2031) (K Units)
Figure 20. Global Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Production Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 21. Production Capacity Enablers & Constraints
Figure 22. Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Production Growth Rate in North America (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 23. Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Production Growth Rate in Europe (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 24. Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Production Growth Rate in China (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 25. Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Production Growth Rate in Japan (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 26. Top 5 and Top 10 Manufacturers Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales Volume Market Share in 2024
Figure 27. Global Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Revenue Market Share Ranking (2024)
Figure 28. Tier Distribution by Revenue Contribution (2020 VS 2024)
Figure 29. Manual Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 30. Pneumatic Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 31. Electric Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 32. Type Eight Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 33. Type Nine Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 34. Global Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales Market Share by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 35. Global Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Revenue Market Share by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 36. Global Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales Market Share by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 37. Global Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Revenue Market Share by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 38. North America Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 39. North America Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 40. North America Top 5 Manufacturers Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 41. North America Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales Volume (K Units) by Type (2020- 2031)
Figure 42. North America Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020 - 2031)
Figure 43. North America Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales Volume (K Units) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 44. North America Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 45. US Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 46. Canada Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 47. Mexico Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 48. Europe Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 49. Europe Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 50. Europe Top 5 Manufacturers Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 51. Europe Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales Volume (K Units) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 52. Europe Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 53. Europe Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales Volume (K Units) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 54. Europe Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 55. Germany Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 56. France Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 57. U.K. Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 58. Italy Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 59. Russia Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 60. Asia-Pacific Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 61. Asia-Pacific Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 62. Asia-Pacific Top 8 Manufacturers Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 63. Asia-Pacific Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales Volume (K Units) by Type (2020- 2031)
Figure 64. Asia-Pacific Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020- 2031)
Figure 65. Asia-Pacific Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales Volume (K Units) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 66. Asia-Pacific Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 67. Indonesia Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 68. Japan Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 69. South Korea Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 70. China Taiwan Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 71. India Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 72. Central and South America Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 73. Central and South America Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 74. Central and South America Top 5 Manufacturers Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 75. Central and South America Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales Volume (K Units) by Type (2021-2031)
Figure 76. Central and South America Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 77. Central and South America Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales Volume (K Units) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 78. Central and South America Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 79. Brazil Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 80. Argentina Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 81. Middle East, and Africa Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 82. Middle East and Africa Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 83. Middle East and Africa Top 5 Manufacturers Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 84. Middle East and Africa Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales Volume (K Units) by Type (2021-2031)
Figure 85. South America Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 86. Middle East and Africa Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales Volume (K Units) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 87. Middle East and Africa Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 88. GCC Countries Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 89. Turkey Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 90. Egypt Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 91. South Africa Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 92. Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Industry Chain Mapping
Figure 93. Regional Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Manufacturing Base Distribution (%)
Figure 94. Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Production Process
Figure 95. Regional Straight-through Fluorine-lined Stop Valve Production Cost Structure
Figure 96. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 97. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 98. Data Triangulation
Figure 99. Key Executives Interviewed