List of Tables
Table 1. Global Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 2. Global Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 3. Global Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 4. Global Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Revenue by Region (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 5. Global Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Revenue by Region (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 6. Global Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Kilotons)
Table 7. Global Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales by Region (2020-2025) & (Kilotons)
Table 8. Global Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales by Region (2026-2031) & (Kilotons)
Table 9. Emerging Market Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 10. Global Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Production Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Kilotons)
Table 11. Global Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Production by Region (2020-2025) & (Kilotons)
Table 12. Global Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Production by Region (2026-2031) & (Kilotons)
Table 13. Global Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (Kilotons)
Table 14. Global Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 15. Global Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Revenue by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 16. Global Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 17. Global Key Manufacturers’Ranking Shift (2023 vs. 2024) (Based on Revenue)
Table 18. Global Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials by Manufacturer Tier (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials as of 2024)
Table 19. Global Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Average Gross Margin (%) by Manufacturer (2020 VS 2024)
Table 20. Global Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Average Selling Price (ASP) by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$/Ton)
Table 21. Key Manufacturers Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Manufacturing Base and Headquarters
Table 22. Global Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 23. Key Market Entrant/Exit (2020-2024) – Drivers & Impact Analysis
Table 24. Key Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans, R&D Investment
Table 25. Global Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales by Type (2020-2025) & (Kilotons)
Table 26. Global Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales by Type (2026-2031) & (Kilotons)
Table 27. Global Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Revenue by Type (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 28. Global Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Revenue by Type (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 29. Global Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials ASP by Type (2020-2031) & (US$/Ton)
Table 30. Technical Specifications by Key Product Type
Table 31. Global Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales by Application (2020-2025) & (Kilotons)
Table 32. Global Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales by Application (2026-2031) & (Kilotons)
Table 33. Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials High-Growth Sectors Demand CAGR (2024-2031)
Table 34. Global Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Revenue by Application (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 35. Global Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Revenue by Application (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 36. Global Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials ASP by Application (2020-2031) & (US$/Ton)
Table 37. Top Customers by Region
Table 38. Top Customers by Application
Table 39. North America Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Growth Accelerators and Market Barriers
Table 40. North America Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 41. North America Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales (Kilotons) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
Table 42. Europe Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Growth Accelerators and Market Barriers
Table 43. Europe Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 44. Europe Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales (Kilotons) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
Table 45. Asia-Pacific Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 46. Asia-Pacific Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales (Kilotons) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
Table 47. Asia-Pacific Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Growth Accelerators and Market Barriers
Table 48. Southeast Asia Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 49. Central and South America Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Investment Opportunities and Key Challenges
Table 50. Central and South America Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 51. Middle East and Africa Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Investment Opportunities and Key Challenges
Table 52. Middle East and Africa Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 53. Dow Corporation Information
Table 54. Dow Description and Major Businesses
Table 55. Dow Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 56. Dow Capacity, Sales (Kilotons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 57. Dow Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 58. Dow Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 59. Dow Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 60. Dow Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials SWOT Analysis
Table 61. Dow Recent Developments
Table 62. Mitsui Chemical Corporation Information
Table 63. Mitsui Chemical Description and Major Businesses
Table 64. Mitsui Chemical Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 65. Mitsui Chemical Capacity, Sales (Kilotons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 66. Mitsui Chemical Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 67. Mitsui Chemical Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 68. Mitsui Chemical Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 69. Mitsui Chemical Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials SWOT Analysis
Table 70. Mitsui Chemical Recent Developments
Table 71. LG Chemical Corporation Information
Table 72. LG Chemical Description and Major Businesses
Table 73. LG Chemical Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 74. LG Chemical Capacity, Sales (Kilotons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 75. LG Chemical Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 76. LG Chemical Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 77. LG Chemical Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 78. LG Chemical Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials SWOT Analysis
Table 79. LG Chemical Recent Developments
Table 80. SABIC SK Nexlene Company (SSNC) Corporation Information
Table 81. SABIC SK Nexlene Company (SSNC) Description and Major Businesses
Table 82. SABIC SK Nexlene Company (SSNC) Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 83. SABIC SK Nexlene Company (SSNC) Capacity, Sales (Kilotons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 84. SABIC SK Nexlene Company (SSNC) Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 85. SABIC SK Nexlene Company (SSNC) Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 86. SABIC SK Nexlene Company (SSNC) Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 87. SABIC SK Nexlene Company (SSNC) Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials SWOT Analysis
Table 88. SABIC SK Nexlene Company (SSNC) Recent Developments
Table 89. ExxonMobil Chemical Corporation Information
Table 90. ExxonMobil Chemical Description and Major Businesses
Table 91. ExxonMobil Chemical Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 92. ExxonMobil Chemical Capacity, Sales (Kilotons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 93. ExxonMobil Chemical Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 94. ExxonMobil Chemical Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 95. ExxonMobil Chemical Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 96. ExxonMobil Chemical Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials SWOT Analysis
Table 97. ExxonMobil Chemical Recent Developments
Table 98. Borealis Corporation Information
Table 99. Borealis Description and Major Businesses
Table 100. Borealis Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 101. Borealis Capacity, Sales (Kilotons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 102. Borealis Recent Developments
Table 103. Key Raw Materials Distribution
Table 104. Raw Materials Key Suppliers
Table 105. Critical Raw Material Supplier Concentration (2024) & Risk Index
Table 106. Milestones in Production Technology Evolution
Table 107. Distributors List
Table 108. Market Trends and Market Evolution
Table 109. Market Drivers and Opportunities
Table 110. Market Challenges, Risks, and Restraints
Table 111. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 112. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 113. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Product Picture
Figure 2. Global Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 3. Injection Grade Product Picture
Figure 4. Extrusion Grade Product Picture
Figure 5. Others Product Picture
Figure 6. Global Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 7. Door
Figure 8. Seat
Figure 9. Dashboard
Figure 10. Others
Figure 11. Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Report Years Considered
Figure 12. Global Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Revenue, (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 13. Global Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 14. Global Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Revenue (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 15. Global Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Revenue Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 16. Global Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales (2020-2031) & (Kilotons)
Figure 17. Global Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales (CAGR) by Region (2020-2031) (Kilotons)
Figure 18. Global Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 19. Global Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Capacity, Production and Utilization (2020-2031) & (Kilotons)
Figure 20. Global Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Production Trend by Region (2020-2031) (Kilotons)
Figure 21. Global Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Production Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 22. Production Capacity Enablers & Constraints
Figure 23. Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Production Growth Rate in North America (2020-2031) & (Kilotons)
Figure 24. Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Production Growth Rate in Europe (2020-2031) & (Kilotons)
Figure 25. Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Production Growth Rate in China (2020-2031) & (Kilotons)
Figure 26. Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Production Growth Rate in Japan (2020-2031) & (Kilotons)
Figure 27. Top 5 and Top 10 Manufacturers Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales Volume Market Share in 2024
Figure 28. Global Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Revenue Market Share Ranking (2024)
Figure 29. Tier Distribution by Revenue Contribution (2020 VS 2024)
Figure 30. Injection Grade Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 31. Extrusion Grade Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 32. Others Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 33. Type Eight Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 34. Type Nine Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 35. Global Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales Market Share by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 36. Global Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Revenue Market Share by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 37. Global Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales Market Share by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 38. Global Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Revenue Market Share by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 39. North America Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (Kilotons)
Figure 40. North America Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 41. North America Top 5 Manufacturers Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 42. North America Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales Volume (Kilotons) by Type (2020- 2031)
Figure 43. North America Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020 - 2031)
Figure 44. North America Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales Volume (Kilotons) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 45. North America Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 46. US Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 47. Canada Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 48. Mexico Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 49. Europe Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (Kilotons)
Figure 50. Europe Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 51. Europe Top 5 Manufacturers Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 52. Europe Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales Volume (Kilotons) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 53. Europe Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 54. Europe Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales Volume (Kilotons) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 55. Europe Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 56. Germany Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 57. France Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 58. U.K. Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 59. Italy Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 60. Russia Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 61. Asia-Pacific Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (Kilotons)
Figure 62. Asia-Pacific Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 63. Asia-Pacific Top 8 Manufacturers Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 64. Asia-Pacific Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales Volume (Kilotons) by Type (2020- 2031)
Figure 65. Asia-Pacific Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020- 2031)
Figure 66. Asia-Pacific Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales Volume (Kilotons) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 67. Asia-Pacific Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 68. Indonesia Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 69. Japan Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 70. South Korea Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 71. China Taiwan Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 72. India Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 73. Central and South America Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (Kilotons)
Figure 74. Central and South America Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 75. Central and South America Top 5 Manufacturers Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 76. Central and South America Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales Volume (Kilotons) by Type (2021-2031)
Figure 77. Central and South America Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 78. Central and South America Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales Volume (Kilotons) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 79. Central and South America Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 80. Brazil Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 81. Argentina Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 82. Middle East, and Africa Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (Kilotons)
Figure 83. Middle East and Africa Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 84. Middle East and Africa Top 5 Manufacturers Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 85. Middle East and Africa Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales Volume (Kilotons) by Type (2021-2031)
Figure 86. South America Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 87. Middle East and Africa Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales Volume (Kilotons) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 88. Middle East and Africa Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 89. GCC Countries Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 90. Turkey Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 91. Egypt Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 92. South Africa Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 93. Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Industry Chain Mapping
Figure 94. Regional Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Manufacturing Base Distribution (%)
Figure 95. Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Production Process
Figure 96. Regional Automotive Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Synthetic Materials Production Cost Structure
Figure 97. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 98. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 99. Data Triangulation
Figure 100. Key Executives Interviewed