List of Tables
Table 1. Global N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 2. Global N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 3. Global N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 4. Global N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Revenue by Region (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 5. Global N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Revenue by Region (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 6. Global N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 7. Global N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales by Region (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 8. Global N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales by Region (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 9. Emerging Market Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 10. Global N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Production Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Tons)
Table 11. Global N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Production by Region (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 12. Global N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Production by Region (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 13. Global N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 14. Global N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 15. Global N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Revenue by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 16. Global N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 17. Global Key Manufacturers’Ranking Shift (2023 vs. 2024) (Based on Revenue)
Table 18. Global N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) by Manufacturer Tier (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) as of 2024)
Table 19. Global N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Average Gross Margin (%) by Manufacturer (2020 VS 2024)
Table 20. Global N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Average Selling Price (ASP) by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$/Ton)
Table 21. Key Manufacturers N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Manufacturing Base and Headquarters
Table 22. Global N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 23. Key Market Entrant/Exit (2020-2024) – Drivers & Impact Analysis
Table 24. Key Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans, R&D Investment
Table 25. Global N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales by Type (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 26. Global N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales by Type (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 27. Global N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Revenue by Type (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 28. Global N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Revenue by Type (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 29. Global N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) ASP by Type (2020-2031) & (US$/Ton)
Table 30. Technical Specifications by Key Product Type
Table 31. Global N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales by Application (2020-2025) & (Tons)
Table 32. Global N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales by Application (2026-2031) & (Tons)
Table 33. N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) High-Growth Sectors Demand CAGR (2024-2031)
Table 34. Global N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Revenue by Application (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 35. Global N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Revenue by Application (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 36. Global N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) ASP by Application (2020-2031) & (US$/Ton)
Table 37. Top Customers by Region
Table 38. Top Customers by Application
Table 39. North America N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Growth Accelerators and Market Barriers
Table 40. North America N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 41. North America N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales (Tons) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
Table 42. Europe N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Growth Accelerators and Market Barriers
Table 43. Europe N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 44. Europe N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales (Tons) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
Table 45. Asia-Pacific N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 46. Asia-Pacific N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales (Tons) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
Table 47. Asia-Pacific N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Growth Accelerators and Market Barriers
Table 48. Southeast Asia N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 49. Central and South America N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Investment Opportunities and Key Challenges
Table 50. Central and South America N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 51. Middle East and Africa N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Investment Opportunities and Key Challenges
Table 52. Middle East and Africa N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Country (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) (US$ Million)
Table 53. Raschig Corporation Information
Table 54. Raschig Description and Major Businesses
Table 55. Raschig Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 56. Raschig Capacity, Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 57. Raschig Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 58. Raschig Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 59. Raschig Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 60. Raschig N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) SWOT Analysis
Table 61. Raschig Recent Developments
Table 62. Shenzhen Jihechang New Material Corporation Information
Table 63. Shenzhen Jihechang New Material Description and Major Businesses
Table 64. Shenzhen Jihechang New Material Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 65. Shenzhen Jihechang New Material Capacity, Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 66. Shenzhen Jihechang New Material Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 67. Shenzhen Jihechang New Material Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 68. Shenzhen Jihechang New Material Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 69. Shenzhen Jihechang New Material N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) SWOT Analysis
Table 70. Shenzhen Jihechang New Material Recent Developments
Table 71. Mengde Electroplate Chemical Products Corporation Information
Table 72. Mengde Electroplate Chemical Products Description and Major Businesses
Table 73. Mengde Electroplate Chemical Products Product Models, Descriptions and Specifications
Table 74. Mengde Electroplate Chemical Products Capacity, Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 75. Mengde Electroplate Chemical Products Sales Value Proportion by Product in 2024
Table 76. Mengde Electroplate Chemical Products Sales Value Proportion by Application in 2024
Table 77. Mengde Electroplate Chemical Products Sales Value Proportion by Geographic Area in 2024
Table 78. Mengde Electroplate Chemical Products N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) SWOT Analysis
Table 79. Mengde Electroplate Chemical Products Recent Developments
Table 80. Key Raw Materials Distribution
Table 81. Raw Materials Key Suppliers
Table 82. Critical Raw Material Supplier Concentration (2024) & Risk Index
Table 83. Milestones in Production Technology Evolution
Table 84. Distributors List
Table 85. Market Trends and Market Evolution
Table 86. Market Drivers and Opportunities
Table 87. Market Challenges, Risks, and Restraints
Table 88. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 89. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 90. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Product Picture
Figure 2. Global N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 3. 98% Purity Product Picture
Figure 4. 99% Purity Product Picture
Figure 5. Others Product Picture
Figure 6. Global N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 7. Copper Foil Wetting Agent
Figure 8. Copper Foil Leveling Agent
Figure 9. Copper Foil Brightener
Figure 10. Others
Figure 11. N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Report Years Considered
Figure 12. Global N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Revenue, (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 13. Global N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 14. Global N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Revenue (CAGR) by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 15. Global N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Revenue Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 16. Global N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 17. Global N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales (CAGR) by Region (2020-2031) (Tons)
Figure 18. Global N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 19. Global N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Capacity, Production and Utilization (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 20. Global N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Production Trend by Region (2020-2031) (Tons)
Figure 21. Global N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Production Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 22. Production Capacity Enablers & Constraints
Figure 23. N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Production Growth Rate in North America (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 24. N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Production Growth Rate in Europe (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 25. N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Production Growth Rate in China (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 26. N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Production Growth Rate in Japan (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 27. Top 5 and Top 10 Manufacturers N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales Volume Market Share in 2024
Figure 28. Global N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Revenue Market Share Ranking (2024)
Figure 29. Tier Distribution by Revenue Contribution (2020 VS 2024)
Figure 30. 98% Purity Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 31. 99% Purity Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 32. Others Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 33. Type Eight Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 34. Type Nine Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2024
Figure 35. Global N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales Market Share by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 36. Global N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Revenue Market Share by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 37. Global N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales Market Share by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 38. Global N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Revenue Market Share by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 39. North America N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 40. North America N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 41. North America Top 5 Manufacturers N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 42. North America N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales Volume (Tons) by Type (2020- 2031)
Figure 43. North America N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020 - 2031)
Figure 44. North America N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales Volume (Tons) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 45. North America N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 46. US N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 47. Canada N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 48. Mexico N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 49. Europe N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 50. Europe N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 51. Europe Top 5 Manufacturers N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 52. Europe N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales Volume (Tons) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 53. Europe N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 54. Europe N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales Volume (Tons) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 55. Europe N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 56. Germany N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 57. France N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 58. U.K. N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 59. Italy N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 60. Russia N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 61. Asia-Pacific N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 62. Asia-Pacific N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 63. Asia-Pacific Top 8 Manufacturers N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 64. Asia-Pacific N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales Volume (Tons) by Type (2020- 2031)
Figure 65. Asia-Pacific N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020- 2031)
Figure 66. Asia-Pacific N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales Volume (Tons) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 67. Asia-Pacific N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 68. Indonesia N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 69. Japan N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 70. South Korea N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 71. China Taiwan N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 72. India N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Revenue (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 73. Central and South America N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 74. Central and South America N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 75. Central and South America Top 5 Manufacturers N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 76. Central and South America N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales Volume (Tons) by Type (2021-2031)
Figure 77. Central and South America N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 78. Central and South America N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales Volume (Tons) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 79. Central and South America N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 80. Brazil N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 81. Argentina N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 82. Middle East, and Africa N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales YoY (2020-2031) & (Tons)
Figure 83. Middle East and Africa N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Revenue YoY (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 84. Middle East and Africa Top 5 Manufacturers N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Figure 85. Middle East and Africa N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales Volume (Tons) by Type (2021-2031)
Figure 86. South America N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 87. Middle East and Africa N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales Volume (Tons) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 88. Middle East and Africa N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Sales Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 89. GCC Countries N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 90. Turkey N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 91. Egypt N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 92. South Africa N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Revenue (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Figure 93. N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Industry Chain Mapping
Figure 94. Regional N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Manufacturing Base Distribution (%)
Figure 95. N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Production Process
Figure 96. Regional N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-Saccharin Sodium Salt (SAPS) Production Cost Structure
Figure 97. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 98. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 99. Data Triangulation
Figure 100. Key Executives Interviewed