List of Tables
Table 1. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Table 2. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Table 3. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production Capacity (Tons) by Manufacturers in 2023
Table 4. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production by Manufacturers (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Table 5. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 6. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production Value by Manufacturers (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 8. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Industry Ranking 2022 VS 2023 VS 2024
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches as of 2023)
Table 10. Global Market Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/Ton) & (2019-2024)
Table 11. Manufacturers Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production Sites and Area Served
Table 12. Manufacturers Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Product Types
Table 13. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 14. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
Table 15. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production Value by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 16. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 17. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production Value Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 18. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 19. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 20. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production Comparison by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (Tons)
Table 21. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production (Tons) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 22. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 23. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production (Tons) Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 24. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 25. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Market Average Price (US$/Ton) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 26. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Market Average Price (US$/Ton) by Region (2025-2030)
Table 27. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (Tons)
Table 28. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Consumption by Region (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Table 29. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Consumption Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 30. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Forecasted Consumption by Region (2025-2030) & (Tons)
Table 31. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 32. North America Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (Tons)
Table 33. North America Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Table 34. North America Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (Tons)
Table 35. Europe Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (Tons)
Table 36. Europe Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Table 37. Europe Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (Tons)
Table 38. Asia Pacific Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (Tons)
Table 39. Asia Pacific Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Consumption by Region (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Consumption by Region (2025-2030) & (Tons)
Table 41. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (Tons)
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (Tons)
Table 44. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production (Tons) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 45. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production (Tons) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 46. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production Market Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 47. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production Market Share by Type (2025-2030)
Table 48. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 49. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 50. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production Value Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 51. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production Value Share by Type (2025-2030)
Table 52. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 53. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 54. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production (Tons) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 55. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production (Tons) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 56. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production Market Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 57. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production Market Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 58. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 59. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 60. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production Value Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 61. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production Value Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 62. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 63. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 64. ADM Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Corporation Information
Table 65. ADM Specification and Application
Table 66. ADM Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 67. ADM Main Business and Markets Served
Table 68. ADM Recent Developments/Updates
Table 69. Cargill Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Corporation Information
Table 70. Cargill Specification and Application
Table 71. Cargill Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 72. Cargill Main Business and Markets Served
Table 73. Cargill Recent Developments/Updates
Table 74. Roquette Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Corporation Information
Table 75. Roquette Specification and Application
Table 76. Roquette Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 77. Roquette Main Business and Markets Served
Table 78. Roquette Recent Developments/Updates
Table 79. Ingredion Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Corporation Information
Table 80. Ingredion Specification and Application
Table 81. Ingredion Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 82. Ingredion Main Business and Markets Served
Table 83. Ingredion Recent Developments/Updates
Table 84. Tate & Lyle Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Corporation Information
Table 85. Tate & Lyle Specification and Application
Table 86. Tate & Lyle Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 87. Tate & Lyle Main Business and Markets Served
Table 88. Tate & Lyle Recent Developments/Updates
Table 89. Hungrana Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Corporation Information
Table 90. Hungrana Specification and Application
Table 91. Hungrana Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 92. Hungrana Main Business and Markets Served
Table 93. Hungrana Recent Developments/Updates
Table 94. Agrana Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Corporation Information
Table 95. Agrana Specification and Application
Table 96. Agrana Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 97. Agrana Main Business and Markets Served
Table 98. Agrana Recent Developments/Updates
Table 99. Emsland Group Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Corporation Information
Table 100. Emsland Group Specification and Application
Table 101. Emsland Group Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 102. Emsland Group Main Business and Markets Served
Table 103. Emsland Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 104. KMC Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Corporation Information
Table 105. KMC Specification and Application
Table 106. KMC Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 107. KMC Main Business and Markets Served
Table 108. KMC Recent Developments/Updates
Table 109. Japan Corn Starch Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Corporation Information
Table 110. Japan Corn Starch Specification and Application
Table 111. Japan Corn Starch Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 112. Japan Corn Starch Main Business and Markets Served
Table 113. Japan Corn Starch Recent Developments/Updates
Table 114. Sanwa Starch Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Corporation Information
Table 115. Sanwa Starch Specification and Application
Table 116. Sanwa Starch Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 117. Sanwa Starch Main Business and Markets Served
Table 118. Sanwa Starch Recent Developments/Updates
Table 119. Tereos Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Corporation Information
Table 120. Tereos Specification and Application
Table 121. Tereos Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 122. Tereos Main Business and Markets Served
Table 123. Tereos Recent Developments/Updates
Table 124. AKV Langholt Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Corporation Information
Table 125. AKV Langholt Specification and Application
Table 126. AKV Langholt Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 127. AKV Langholt Main Business and Markets Served
Table 128. AKV Langholt Recent Developments/Updates
Table 129. Südstärke Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Corporation Information
Table 130. Südstärke Specification and Application
Table 131. Südstärke Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 132. Südstärke Main Business and Markets Served
Table 133. Südstärke Recent Developments/Updates
Table 134. Südstärke Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Corporation Information
Table 135. Aloja Starkelsen Specification and Application
Table 136. Aloja Starkelsen Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 137. Aloja Starkelsen Main Business and Markets Served
Table 138. Aloja Starkelsen Recent Developments/Updates
Table 139. Pepees Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Corporation Information
Table 140. Pepees Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 141. Pepees Main Business and Markets Served
Table 142. Pepees Recent Developments/Updates
Table 143. BENEO Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Corporation Information
Table 144. BENEO Specification and Application
Table 145. BENEO Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 146. BENEO Main Business and Markets Served
Table 147. BENEO Recent Developments/Updates
Table 148. Bangkok Starch Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Corporation Information
Table 149. Bangkok Starch Specification and Application
Table 150. Bangkok Starch Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 151. Bangkok Starch Main Business and Markets Served
Table 152. Bangkok Starch Recent Developments/Updates
Table 153. Thai Flour Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Corporation Information
Table 154. Thai Flour Specification and Application
Table 155. Thai Flour Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 156. Thai Flour Main Business and Markets Served
Table 157. Thai Flour Recent Developments/Updates
Table 158. MGP Ingredients Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Corporation Information
Table 159. MGP Ingredients Specification and Application
Table 160. MGP Ingredients Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 161. MGP Ingredients Main Business and Markets Served
Table 162. MGP Ingredients Recent Developments/Updates
Table 163. Zhucheng Xingmao Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Corporation Information
Table 164. Zhucheng Xingmao Specification and Application
Table 165. Zhucheng Xingmao Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 166. Zhucheng Xingmao Main Business and Markets Served
Table 167. Zhucheng Xingmao Recent Developments/Updates
Table 168. Changchun Dacheng Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Corporation Information
Table 169. Changchun Dacheng Specification and Application
Table 170. Changchun Dacheng Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 171. Changchun Dacheng Main Business and Markets Served
Table 172. Changchun Dacheng Recent Developments/Updates
Table 173. Xiwang Group Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Corporation Information
Table 174. Xiwang Group Specification and Application
Table 175. Xiwang Group Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 176. Xiwang Group Main Business and Markets Served
Table 177. Xiwang Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 178. Luzhou Group Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Corporation Information
Table 179. Luzhou Group Specification and Application
Table 180. Luzhou Group Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 181. Luzhou Group Main Business and Markets Served
Table 182. Luzhou Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 183. Xi’an Guowei Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Corporation Information
Table 184. Xi’an Guowei Specification and Application
Table 185. Xi’an Guowei Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 186. Xi’an Guowei Main Business and Markets Served
Table 187. Xi’an Guowei Recent Developments/Updates
Table 188. Manildra Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Corporation Information
Table 189. Manildra Specification and Application
Table 190. Manildra Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production (Tons), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 191. Manildra Main Business and Markets Served
Table 192. Manildra Recent Developments/Updates
Table 193. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 194. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 195. Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Distributors List
Table 196. Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Customers List
Table 197. Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Market Trends
Table 198. Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Market Drivers
Table 199. Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Market Challenges
Table 200. Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Market Restraints
Table 201. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 202. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 203. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches
Figure 2. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Figure 3. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Market Share by Type: 2023 VS 2030
Figure 4. Corn Starch Product Picture
Figure 5. Rice Starch Product Picture
Figure 6. Tapioca Starch Product Picture
Figure 7. Potato Starch Product Picture
Figure 8. Others Product Picture
Figure 9. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Figure 10. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Market Share by Application: 2023 VS 2030
Figure 11. Face Creams
Figure 12. Lotions
Figure 13. Bath and Shower Gels
Figure 14. Hair Care Products
Figure 15. Deodorants
Figure 16. Others
Figure 17. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production Value (US$ Million), 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 18. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production Value (US$ Million) & (2019-2030)
Figure 19. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production Capacity (Tons) & (2019-2030)
Figure 20. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production (Tons) & (2019-2030)
Figure 21. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Average Price (US$/Ton) & (2019-2030)
Figure 22. Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Report Years Considered
Figure 23. Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production Share by Manufacturers in 2023
Figure 24. Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2019 VS 2023
Figure 25. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Revenue in 2023
Figure 26. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production Value by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 27. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production Value Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 28. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production Comparison by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (Tons)
Figure 29. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 30. North America Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 31. Europe Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 32. China Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 33. Latin America Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 34. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Consumption by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (Tons)
Figure 35. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Consumption Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 36. North America Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Figure 37. North America Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 38. Canada Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Figure 39. U.S. Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Figure 40. Europe Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Figure 41. Europe Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 42. Germany Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Figure 43. France Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Figure 44. U.K. Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Figure 45. Italy Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Figure 46. Russia Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Figure 47. Asia Pacific Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Figure 48. Asia Pacific Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Consumption Market Share by Regions (2019-2030)
Figure 49. China Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Figure 50. Japan Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Figure 51. South Korea Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Figure 52. China Taiwan Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Figure 53. Southeast Asia Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Figure 54. India Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Figure 55. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Figure 56. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 57. Mexico Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Figure 58. Brazil Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Figure 59. Turkey Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Figure 60. GCC Countries Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Tons)
Figure 61. Global Production Market Share of Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 62. Global Production Value Market Share of Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 63. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 64. Global Production Market Share of Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 65. Global Production Value Market Share of Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 66. Global Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 67. Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Value Chain
Figure 68. Personal Care and Cosmetic Starches Production Process
Figure 69. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 70. Distributors Profiles
Figure 71. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 72. Data Triangulation
