List of Tables
Table 1. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 2. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 3. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Production Capacity (K Units) by Manufacturers in 2024
Table 4. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Production by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 5. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 6. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Production Value by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 8. Global Key Players of Automatic Screen Printing Press, Industry Ranking, 2023 VS 2024
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Production Value in Automatic Screen Printing Press as of 2024)
Table 10. Global Market Automatic Screen Printing Press Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/Unit) & (2020-2025)
Table 11. Global Key Manufacturers of Automatic Screen Printing Press, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of Automatic Screen Printing Press, Product Offered and Application
Table 13. Global Key Manufacturers of Automatic Screen Printing Press, Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 14. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 15. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 16. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 17. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 18. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Production Value Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 19. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 20. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 21. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 22. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Production (K Units) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 23. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Production Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 24. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Production (K Units) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 25. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 26. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 27. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2026-2031)
Table 28. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 29. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 30. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 31. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Forecasted Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 32. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2026-2031)
Table 33. North America Automatic Screen Printing Press Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 34. North America Automatic Screen Printing Press Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 35. North America Automatic Screen Printing Press Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 36. Europe Automatic Screen Printing Press Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 37. Europe Automatic Screen Printing Press Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 38. Europe Automatic Screen Printing Press Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 39. Asia Pacific Automatic Screen Printing Press Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Automatic Screen Printing Press Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 41. Asia Pacific Automatic Screen Printing Press Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Automatic Screen Printing Press Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Automatic Screen Printing Press Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 44. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Automatic Screen Printing Press Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 45. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Production (K Units) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 46. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Production (K Units) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 47. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Production Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 48. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Production Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 49. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 50. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 51. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Production Value Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 52. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Production Value Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 53. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 54. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 55. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Production (K Units) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 56. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Production (K Units) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 57. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Production Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 58. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Production Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 59. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 60. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 61. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Production Value Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 62. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Production Value Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 63. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 64. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 65. M&R Automatic Screen Printing Press Company Information
Table 66. M&R Automatic Screen Printing Press Specification and Application
Table 67. M&R Automatic Screen Printing Press Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 68. M&R Main Business and Markets Served
Table 69. M&R Recent Developments/Updates
Table 70. Panasonic Automatic Screen Printing Press Company Information
Table 71. Panasonic Automatic Screen Printing Press Specification and Application
Table 72. Panasonic Automatic Screen Printing Press Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 73. Panasonic Main Business and Markets Served
Table 74. Panasonic Recent Developments/Updates
Table 75. Workhouse Products Automatic Screen Printing Press Company Information
Table 76. Workhouse Products Automatic Screen Printing Press Specification and Application
Table 77. Workhouse Products Automatic Screen Printing Press Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 78. Workhouse Products Main Business and Markets Served
Table 79. Workhouse Products Recent Developments/Updates
Table 80. ROQ International Automatic Screen Printing Press Company Information
Table 81. ROQ International Automatic Screen Printing Press Specification and Application
Table 82. ROQ International Automatic Screen Printing Press Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 83. ROQ International Main Business and Markets Served
Table 84. ROQ International Recent Developments/Updates
Table 85. MHM Automatic Screen Printing Press Company Information
Table 86. MHM Automatic Screen Printing Press Specification and Application
Table 87. MHM Automatic Screen Printing Press Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 88. MHM Main Business and Markets Served
Table 89. MHM Recent Developments/Updates
Table 90. Vastex International, Inc Automatic Screen Printing Press Company Information
Table 91. Vastex International, Inc Automatic Screen Printing Press Specification and Application
Table 92. Vastex International, Inc Automatic Screen Printing Press Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 93. Vastex International, Inc Main Business and Markets Served
Table 94. Vastex International, Inc Recent Developments/Updates
Table 95. Anatol Equipment Automatic Screen Printing Press Company Information
Table 96. Anatol Equipment Automatic Screen Printing Press Specification and Application
Table 97. Anatol Equipment Automatic Screen Printing Press Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 98. Anatol Equipment Main Business and Markets Served
Table 99. Anatol Equipment Recent Developments/Updates
Table 100. ASPE Automatic Screen Printing Press Company Information
Table 101. ASPE Automatic Screen Printing Press Specification and Application
Table 102. ASPE Automatic Screen Printing Press Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 103. ASPE Main Business and Markets Served
Table 104. ASPE Recent Developments/Updates
Table 105. Brown Manufacturing Group Automatic Screen Printing Press Company Information
Table 106. Brown Manufacturing Group Automatic Screen Printing Press Specification and Application
Table 107. Brown Manufacturing Group Automatic Screen Printing Press Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 108. Brown Manufacturing Group Main Business and Markets Served
Table 109. Brown Manufacturing Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 110. Printex Automatic Screen Printing Press Company Information
Table 111. Printex Automatic Screen Printing Press Specification and Application
Table 112. Printex Automatic Screen Printing Press Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 113. Printex Main Business and Markets Served
Table 114. Printex Recent Developments/Updates
Table 115. TAS America Automatic Screen Printing Press Company Information
Table 116. TAS America Automatic Screen Printing Press Specification and Application
Table 117. TAS America Automatic Screen Printing Press Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 118. TAS America Main Business and Markets Served
Table 119. TAS America Recent Developments/Updates
Table 120. Lawson Automatic Screen Printing Press Company Information
Table 121. Lawson Automatic Screen Printing Press Specification and Application
Table 122. Lawson Automatic Screen Printing Press Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 123. Lawson Main Business and Markets Served
Table 124. Lawson Recent Developments/Updates
Table 125. RPM Revolution series Automatic Screen Printing Press Company Information
Table 126. RPM Revolution series Automatic Screen Printing Press Specification and Application
Table 127. RPM Revolution series Automatic Screen Printing Press Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 128. RPM Revolution series Main Business and Markets Served
Table 129. RPM Revolution series Recent Developments/Updates
Table 130. SERIA Corporation Automatic Screen Printing Press Company Information
Table 131. SERIA Corporation Automatic Screen Printing Press Specification and Application
Table 132. SERIA Corporation Automatic Screen Printing Press Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 133. SERIA Corporation Main Business and Markets Served
Table 134. SERIA Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
Table 135. ASYS Group Automatic Screen Printing Press Company Information
Table 136. ASYS Group Automatic Screen Printing Press Specification and Application
Table 137. ASYS Group Automatic Screen Printing Press Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 138. ASYS Group Main Business and Markets Served
Table 139. ASYS Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 140. Sakurai Graphic Systems Automatic Screen Printing Press Company Information
Table 141. Sakurai Graphic Systems Automatic Screen Printing Press Specification and Application
Table 142. Sakurai Graphic Systems Automatic Screen Printing Press Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 143. Sakurai Graphic Systems Main Business and Markets Served
Table 144. Sakurai Graphic Systems Recent Developments/Updates
Table 145. ZIMMER AUSTRIA Automatic Screen Printing Press Company Information
Table 146. ZIMMER AUSTRIA Automatic Screen Printing Press Specification and Application
Table 147. ZIMMER AUSTRIA Automatic Screen Printing Press Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 148. ZIMMER AUSTRIA Main Business and Markets Served
Table 149. ZIMMER AUSTRIA Recent Developments/Updates
Table 150. MEXWELL Automatic Screen Printing Press Company Information
Table 151. MEXWELL Automatic Screen Printing Press Specification and Application
Table 152. MEXWELL Automatic Screen Printing Press Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 153. MEXWELL Main Business and Markets Served
Table 154. MEXWELL Recent Developments/Updates
Table 155. ATMA CHAMP ENT. CORP. Automatic Screen Printing Press Company Information
Table 156. ATMA CHAMP ENT. CORP. Automatic Screen Printing Press Specification and Application
Table 157. ATMA CHAMP ENT. CORP. Automatic Screen Printing Press Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 158. ATMA CHAMP ENT. CORP. Main Business and Markets Served
Table 159. ATMA CHAMP ENT. CORP. Recent Developments/Updates
Table 160. Dongguan Hoystar Printing Machinery Co.,Ltd Automatic Screen Printing Press Company Information
Table 161. Dongguan Hoystar Printing Machinery Co.,Ltd Automatic Screen Printing Press Specification and Application
Table 162. Dongguan Hoystar Printing Machinery Co.,Ltd Automatic Screen Printing Press Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 163. Dongguan Hoystar Printing Machinery Co.,Ltd Main Business and Markets Served
Table 164. Dongguan Hoystar Printing Machinery Co.,Ltd Recent Developments/Updates
Table 165. Dongguan Yaodong Machinery Manufacturing Co., Ltd Automatic Screen Printing Press Company Information
Table 166. Dongguan Yaodong Machinery Manufacturing Co., Ltd Automatic Screen Printing Press Specification and Application
Table 167. Dongguan Yaodong Machinery Manufacturing Co., Ltd Automatic Screen Printing Press Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 168. Dongguan Yaodong Machinery Manufacturing Co., Ltd Main Business and Markets Served
Table 169. Dongguan Yaodong Machinery Manufacturing Co., Ltd Recent Developments/Updates
Table 170. C.I.F Automatic Screen Printing Press Company Information
Table 171. C.I.F Automatic Screen Printing Press Specification and Application
Table 172. C.I.F Automatic Screen Printing Press Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 173. C.I.F Main Business and Markets Served
Table 174. C.I.F Recent Developments/Updates
Table 175. AUREL Automation Division Automatic Screen Printing Press Company Information
Table 176. AUREL Automation Division Automatic Screen Printing Press Specification and Application
Table 177. AUREL Automation Division Automatic Screen Printing Press Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 178. AUREL Automation Division Main Business and Markets Served
Table 179. AUREL Automation Division Recent Developments/Updates
Table 180. LC Printing Machine Factory Limited Automatic Screen Printing Press Company Information
Table 181. LC Printing Machine Factory Limited Automatic Screen Printing Press Specification and Application
Table 182. LC Printing Machine Factory Limited Automatic Screen Printing Press Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 183. LC Printing Machine Factory Limited Main Business and Markets Served
Table 184. LC Printing Machine Factory Limited Recent Developments/Updates
Table 185. Yulishih Industrial Co., Ltd Automatic Screen Printing Press Company Information
Table 186. Yulishih Industrial Co., Ltd Automatic Screen Printing Press Specification and Application
Table 187. Yulishih Industrial Co., Ltd Automatic Screen Printing Press Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 188. Yulishih Industrial Co., Ltd Main Business and Markets Served
Table 189. Yulishih Industrial Co., Ltd Recent Developments/Updates
Table 190. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 191. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 192. Automatic Screen Printing Press Distributors List
Table 193. Automatic Screen Printing Press Customers List
Table 194. Automatic Screen Printing Press Market Trends
Table 195. Automatic Screen Printing Press Market Drivers
Table 196. Automatic Screen Printing Press Market Challenges
Table 197. Automatic Screen Printing Press Market Restraints
Table 198. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 199. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 200. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 201. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Automatic Screen Printing Press
Figure 2. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 3. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Market Share by Type: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 4. <5 Colors Product Picture
Figure 5. 5~10 Colors Product Picture
Figure 6. 11~15 Colors Product Picture
Figure 7. >15 Colors Product Picture
Figure 8. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 9. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Market Share by Application: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 10. Textile
Figure 11. Apparel
Figure 12. Package
Figure 13. Others
Figure 14. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Production Value (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 15. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Production Value (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 16. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Production Capacity (K Units) & (2020-2031)
Figure 17. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Production (K Units) & (2020-2031)
Figure 18. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Average Price (US$/Unit) & (2020-2031)
Figure 19. Automatic Screen Printing Press Report Years Considered
Figure 20. Automatic Screen Printing Press Production Share by Manufacturers in 2024
Figure 21. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2024)
Figure 22. Automatic Screen Printing Press Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2020 VS 2024
Figure 23. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Automatic Screen Printing Press Revenue in 2024
Figure 24. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 25. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Production Value Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 26. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Figure 27. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Production Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 28. North America Automatic Screen Printing Press Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 29. Europe Automatic Screen Printing Press Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 30. China Automatic Screen Printing Press Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 31. Japan Automatic Screen Printing Press Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 32. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Consumption by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Figure 33. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Consumption Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 34. North America Automatic Screen Printing Press Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 35. North America Automatic Screen Printing Press Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 36. U.S. Automatic Screen Printing Press Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 37. Canada Automatic Screen Printing Press Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 38. Europe Automatic Screen Printing Press Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 39. Europe Automatic Screen Printing Press Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 40. Germany Automatic Screen Printing Press Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 41. France Automatic Screen Printing Press Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 42. U.K. Automatic Screen Printing Press Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 43. Italy Automatic Screen Printing Press Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 44. Netherlands Automatic Screen Printing Press Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 45. Asia Pacific Automatic Screen Printing Press Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 46. Asia Pacific Automatic Screen Printing Press Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 47. China Automatic Screen Printing Press Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 48. Japan Automatic Screen Printing Press Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 49. South Korea Automatic Screen Printing Press Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 50. China Taiwan Automatic Screen Printing Press Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 51. Southeast Asia Automatic Screen Printing Press Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 52. India Automatic Screen Printing Press Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 53. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Automatic Screen Printing Press Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 54. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Automatic Screen Printing Press Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 55. Mexico Automatic Screen Printing Press Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 56. Brazil Automatic Screen Printing Press Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 57. Turkey Automatic Screen Printing Press Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 58. GCC Countries Automatic Screen Printing Press Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 59. Global Production Market Share of Automatic Screen Printing Press by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 60. Global Production Value Market Share of Automatic Screen Printing Press by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 61. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 62. Global Production Market Share of Automatic Screen Printing Press by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 63. Global Production Value Market Share of Automatic Screen Printing Press by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 64. Global Automatic Screen Printing Press Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 65. Automatic Screen Printing Press Value Chain
Figure 66. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 67. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 68. Data Triangulation
