List of Tables
Table 1. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 2. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 3. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production Capacity (K Ton) by Manufacturers in 2024
Table 4. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (K Ton)
Table 5. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 6. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production Value by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 8. Global Key Players of Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP), Industry Ranking, 2023 VS 2024
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Production Value in Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) as of 2024)
Table 10. Global Market Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/Ton) & (2020-2025)
Table 11. Global Key Manufacturers of Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP), Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP), Product Offered and Application
Table 13. Global Key Manufacturers of Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP), Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 14. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 15. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 16. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 17. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 18. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production Value Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 19. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 20. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 21. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Ton)
Table 22. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production (K Ton) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 23. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 24. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production (K Ton) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 25. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 26. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Market Average Price (US$/Ton) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 27. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Market Average Price (US$/Ton) by Region (2026-2031)
Table 28. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Ton)
Table 29. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (K Ton)
Table 30. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 31. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Forecasted Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (K Ton)
Table 32. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2026-2031)
Table 33. North America Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Ton)
Table 34. North America Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Ton)
Table 35. North America Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Ton)
Table 36. Europe Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Ton)
Table 37. Europe Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Ton)
Table 38. Europe Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Ton)
Table 39. Asia Pacific Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Ton)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (K Ton)
Table 41. Asia Pacific Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (K Ton)
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Ton)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Ton)
Table 44. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Ton)
Table 45. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production (K Ton) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 46. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production (K Ton) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 47. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 48. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 49. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 50. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 51. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production Value Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 52. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production Value Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 53. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 54. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 55. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production (K Ton) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 56. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production (K Ton) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 57. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 58. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 59. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 60. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 61. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production Value Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 62. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production Value Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 63. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 64. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 65. Stora Enso Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Company Information
Table 66. Stora Enso Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Specification and Application
Table 67. Stora Enso Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production (K Ton), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 68. Stora Enso Main Business and Markets Served
Table 69. Stora Enso Recent Developments/Updates
Table 70. WestRock Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Company Information
Table 71. WestRock Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Specification and Application
Table 72. WestRock Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production (K Ton), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 73. WestRock Main Business and Markets Served
Table 74. WestRock Recent Developments/Updates
Table 75. Ahlstrom-Munksjö Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Company Information
Table 76. Ahlstrom-Munksjö Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Specification and Application
Table 77. Ahlstrom-Munksjö Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production (K Ton), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 78. Ahlstrom-Munksjö Main Business and Markets Served
Table 79. Ahlstrom-Munksjö Recent Developments/Updates
Table 80. CellMark AB Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Company Information
Table 81. CellMark AB Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Specification and Application
Table 82. CellMark AB Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production (K Ton), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 83. CellMark AB Main Business and Markets Served
Table 84. CellMark AB Recent Developments/Updates
Table 85. Celulosa Arauco y Constitución Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Company Information
Table 86. Celulosa Arauco y Constitución Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Specification and Application
Table 87. Celulosa Arauco y Constitución Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production (K Ton), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 88. Celulosa Arauco y Constitución Main Business and Markets Served
Table 89. Celulosa Arauco y Constitución Recent Developments/Updates
Table 90. Port Townsend Paper Corporation Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Company Information
Table 91. Port Townsend Paper Corporation Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Specification and Application
Table 92. Port Townsend Paper Corporation Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production (K Ton), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 93. Port Townsend Paper Corporation Main Business and Markets Served
Table 94. Port Townsend Paper Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
Table 95. Hyogo Pulp Co., Ltd. Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Company Information
Table 96. Hyogo Pulp Co., Ltd. Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Specification and Application
Table 97. Hyogo Pulp Co., Ltd. Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production (K Ton), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 98. Hyogo Pulp Co., Ltd. Main Business and Markets Served
Table 99. Hyogo Pulp Co., Ltd. Recent Developments/Updates
Table 100. Canfor Pulp Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Company Information
Table 101. Canfor Pulp Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Specification and Application
Table 102. Canfor Pulp Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production (K Ton), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 103. Canfor Pulp Main Business and Markets Served
Table 104. Canfor Pulp Recent Developments/Updates
Table 105. Canfor Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Company Information
Table 106. Canfor Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Specification and Application
Table 107. Canfor Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production (K Ton), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 108. Canfor Main Business and Markets Served
Table 109. Canfor Recent Developments/Updates
Table 110. Rottneros Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Company Information
Table 111. Rottneros Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Specification and Application
Table 112. Rottneros Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production (K Ton), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 113. Rottneros Main Business and Markets Served
Table 114. Rottneros Recent Developments/Updates
Table 115. Paper Excellence Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Company Information
Table 116. Paper Excellence Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Specification and Application
Table 117. Paper Excellence Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production (K Ton), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 118. Paper Excellence Main Business and Markets Served
Table 119. Paper Excellence Recent Developments/Updates
Table 120. West Fraser Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Company Information
Table 121. West Fraser Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Specification and Application
Table 122. West Fraser Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production (K Ton), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 123. West Fraser Main Business and Markets Served
Table 124. West Fraser Recent Developments/Updates
Table 125. Ramatex SA Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Company Information
Table 126. Ramatex SA Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Specification and Application
Table 127. Ramatex SA Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production (K Ton), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 128. Ramatex SA Main Business and Markets Served
Table 129. Ramatex SA Recent Developments/Updates
Table 130. CMPC Pulp Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Company Information
Table 131. CMPC Pulp Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Specification and Application
Table 132. CMPC Pulp Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production (K Ton), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 133. CMPC Pulp Main Business and Markets Served
Table 134. CMPC Pulp Recent Developments/Updates
Table 135. Rk-Grand Ooo Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Company Information
Table 136. Rk-Grand Ooo Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Specification and Application
Table 137. Rk-Grand Ooo Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production (K Ton), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 138. Rk-Grand Ooo Main Business and Markets Served
Table 139. Rk-Grand Ooo Recent Developments/Updates
Table 140. Nine Dragons Paper Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Company Information
Table 141. Nine Dragons Paper Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Specification and Application
Table 142. Nine Dragons Paper Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production (K Ton), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 143. Nine Dragons Paper Main Business and Markets Served
Table 144. Nine Dragons Paper Recent Developments/Updates
Table 145. HYOGO PULP Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Company Information
Table 146. HYOGO PULP Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Specification and Application
Table 147. HYOGO PULP Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production (K Ton), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 148. HYOGO PULP Main Business and Markets Served
Table 149. HYOGO PULP Recent Developments/Updates
Table 150. Segezha Pulp and Paper Mill Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Company Information
Table 151. Segezha Pulp and Paper Mill Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Specification and Application
Table 152. Segezha Pulp and Paper Mill Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production (K Ton), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 153. Segezha Pulp and Paper Mill Main Business and Markets Served
Table 154. Segezha Pulp and Paper Mill Recent Developments/Updates
Table 155. Domtar Inc Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Company Information
Table 156. Domtar Inc Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Specification and Application
Table 157. Domtar Inc Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production (K Ton), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 158. Domtar Inc Main Business and Markets Served
Table 159. Domtar Inc Recent Developments/Updates
Table 160. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 161. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 162. Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Distributors List
Table 163. Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Customers List
Table 164. Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Market Trends
Table 165. Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Market Drivers
Table 166. Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Market Challenges
Table 167. Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Market Restraints
Table 168. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 169. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 170. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 171. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP)
Figure 2. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 3. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Market Share by Type: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 4. Wood Pulp Product Picture
Figure 5. Chemical Pulp Product Picture
Figure 6. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 7. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Market Share by Application: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 8. Building Materials
Figure 9. Electronic Equipment
Figure 10. Paper Industry
Figure 11. Packaging
Figure 12. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production Value (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 13. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production Value (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 14. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production Capacity (K Ton) & (2020-2031)
Figure 15. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production (K Ton) & (2020-2031)
Figure 16. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Average Price (US$/Ton) & (2020-2031)
Figure 17. Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Report Years Considered
Figure 18. Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production Share by Manufacturers in 2024
Figure 19. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2024)
Figure 20. Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2020 VS 2024
Figure 21. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Revenue in 2024
Figure 22. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 23. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production Value Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 24. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Ton)
Figure 25. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 26. North America Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 27. Europe Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 28. China Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 29. Japan Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 30. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Consumption by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Ton)
Figure 31. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Consumption Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 32. North America Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Ton)
Figure 33. North America Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 34. U.S. Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Ton)
Figure 35. Canada Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Ton)
Figure 36. Europe Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Ton)
Figure 37. Europe Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 38. Germany Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Ton)
Figure 39. France Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Ton)
Figure 40. U.K. Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Ton)
Figure 41. Italy Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Ton)
Figure 42. Russia Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Ton)
Figure 43. Asia Pacific Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Ton)
Figure 44. Asia Pacific Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 45. China Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Ton)
Figure 46. Japan Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Ton)
Figure 47. South Korea Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Ton)
Figure 48. China Taiwan Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Ton)
Figure 49. Southeast Asia Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Ton)
Figure 50. India Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Ton)
Figure 51. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Ton)
Figure 52. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 53. Mexico Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Ton)
Figure 54. Brazil Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Ton)
Figure 55. Turkey Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Ton)
Figure 56. GCC Countries Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Ton)
Figure 57. Global Production Market Share of Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 58. Global Production Value Market Share of Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 59. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Price (US$/Ton) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 60. Global Production Market Share of Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 61. Global Production Value Market Share of Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 62. Global Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Price (US$/Ton) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 63. Unbleached Kraft Pulp (UKP) Value Chain
Figure 64. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 65. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 66. Data Triangulation