List of Tables
Table 1. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 2. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 3. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production Capacity (Units) by Manufacturers in 2024
Table 4. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 5. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 6. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production Value by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 8. Global Key Players of Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes, Industry Ranking, 2023 VS 2024
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Production Value in Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes as of 2024)
Table 10. Global Market Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Average Price by Manufacturers (K US$/Unit) & (2020-2025)
Table 11. Global Key Manufacturers of Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes, Product Offered and Application
Table 13. Global Key Manufacturers of Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes, Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 14. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 15. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 16. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 17. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 18. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production Value Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 19. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 20. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 21. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Table 22. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production (Units) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 23. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 24. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production (Units) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 25. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 26. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Market Average Price (K US$/Unit) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 27. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Market Average Price (K US$/Unit) by Region (2026-2031)
Table 28. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Table 29. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 30. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 31. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Forecasted Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 32. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2026-2031)
Table 33. North America Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Table 34. North America Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 35. North America Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 36. Europe Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Table 37. Europe Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 38. Europe Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 39. Asia Pacific Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 41. Asia Pacific Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (Units)
Table 44. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (Units)
Table 45. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production (Units) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 46. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production (Units) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 47. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 48. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 49. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 50. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 51. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production Value Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 52. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production Value Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 53. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Price (K US$/Unit) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 54. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Price (K US$/Unit) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 55. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production (Units) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 56. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production (Units) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 57. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 58. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 59. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 60. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 61. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production Value Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 62. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production Value Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 63. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Price (K US$/Unit) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 64. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Price (K US$/Unit) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 65. Star Micronics Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Company Information
Table 66. Star Micronics Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Specification and Application
Table 67. Star Micronics Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 68. Star Micronics Main Business and Markets Served
Table 69. Star Micronics Recent Developments/Updates
Table 70. Tsugami Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Company Information
Table 71. Tsugami Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Specification and Application
Table 72. Tsugami Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 73. Tsugami Main Business and Markets Served
Table 74. Tsugami Recent Developments/Updates
Table 75. Citizen Machinery Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Company Information
Table 76. Citizen Machinery Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Specification and Application
Table 77. Citizen Machinery Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 78. Citizen Machinery Main Business and Markets Served
Table 79. Citizen Machinery Recent Developments/Updates
Table 80. Tornos Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Company Information
Table 81. Tornos Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Specification and Application
Table 82. Tornos Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 83. Tornos Main Business and Markets Served
Table 84. Tornos Recent Developments/Updates
Table 85. Hanwha Precision Machinery Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Company Information
Table 86. Hanwha Precision Machinery Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Specification and Application
Table 87. Hanwha Precision Machinery Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 88. Hanwha Precision Machinery Main Business and Markets Served
Table 89. Hanwha Precision Machinery Recent Developments/Updates
Table 90. DMG Mori Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Company Information
Table 91. DMG Mori Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Specification and Application
Table 92. DMG Mori Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 93. DMG Mori Main Business and Markets Served
Table 94. DMG Mori Recent Developments/Updates
Table 95. INDEX-Werke Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Company Information
Table 96. INDEX-Werke Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Specification and Application
Table 97. INDEX-Werke Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 98. INDEX-Werke Main Business and Markets Served
Table 99. INDEX-Werke Recent Developments/Updates
Table 100. Goodway Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Company Information
Table 101. Goodway Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Specification and Application
Table 102. Goodway Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 103. Goodway Main Business and Markets Served
Table 104. Goodway Recent Developments/Updates
Table 105. DN Solutions Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Company Information
Table 106. DN Solutions Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Specification and Application
Table 107. DN Solutions Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 108. DN Solutions Main Business and Markets Served
Table 109. DN Solutions Recent Developments/Updates
Table 110. JSWAY Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Company Information
Table 111. JSWAY Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Specification and Application
Table 112. JSWAY Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 113. JSWAY Main Business and Markets Served
Table 114. JSWAY Recent Developments/Updates
Table 115. Nomura DS Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Company Information
Table 116. Nomura DS Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Specification and Application
Table 117. Nomura DS Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 118. Nomura DS Main Business and Markets Served
Table 119. Nomura DS Recent Developments/Updates
Table 120. Baoyu CNC Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Company Information
Table 121. Baoyu CNC Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Specification and Application
Table 122. Baoyu CNC Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 123. Baoyu CNC Main Business and Markets Served
Table 124. Baoyu CNC Recent Developments/Updates
Table 125. Nexturn Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Company Information
Table 126. Nexturn Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Specification and Application
Table 127. Nexturn Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 128. Nexturn Main Business and Markets Served
Table 129. Nexturn Recent Developments/Updates
Table 130. Van Machinery Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Company Information
Table 131. Van Machinery Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Specification and Application
Table 132. Van Machinery Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 133. Van Machinery Main Business and Markets Served
Table 134. Van Machinery Recent Developments/Updates
Table 135. TAJMAC (Manurhin K'MX) Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Company Information
Table 136. TAJMAC (Manurhin K'MX) Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Specification and Application
Table 137. TAJMAC (Manurhin K'MX) Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 138. TAJMAC (Manurhin K'MX) Main Business and Markets Served
Table 139. TAJMAC (Manurhin K'MX) Recent Developments/Updates
Table 140. Sowin Precision Machine Tool Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Company Information
Table 141. Sowin Precision Machine Tool Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Specification and Application
Table 142. Sowin Precision Machine Tool Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 143. Sowin Precision Machine Tool Main Business and Markets Served
Table 144. Sowin Precision Machine Tool Recent Developments/Updates
Table 145. WIVIA MACHINERY CO. LTD Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Company Information
Table 146. WIVIA MACHINERY CO. LTD Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Specification and Application
Table 147. WIVIA MACHINERY CO. LTD Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 148. WIVIA MACHINERY CO. LTD Main Business and Markets Served
Table 149. WIVIA MACHINERY CO. LTD Recent Developments/Updates
Table 150. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 151. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 152. Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Distributors List
Table 153. Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Customers List
Table 154. Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Market Trends
Table 155. Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Market Drivers
Table 156. Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Market Challenges
Table 157. Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Market Restraints
Table 158. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 159. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 160. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 161. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes
Figure 2. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 3. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Market Share by Type: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 4. Processing Diameter Less Than 20mm Product Picture
Figure 5. Processing Diameter 20-50mm Product Picture
Figure 6. Processing Diameter 50mm Product Picture
Figure 7. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 8. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Market Share by Application: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 9. Medical
Figure 10. Aerospace
Figure 11. Automotive
Figure 12. Electronics
Figure 13. Others
Figure 14. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production Value (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 15. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production Value (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 16. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production Capacity (Units) & (2020-2031)
Figure 17. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production (Units) & (2020-2031)
Figure 18. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Average Price (K US$/Unit) & (2020-2031)
Figure 19. Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Report Years Considered
Figure 20. Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production Share by Manufacturers in 2024
Figure 21. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2024)
Figure 22. Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2020 VS 2024
Figure 23. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Revenue in 2024
Figure 24. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 25. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production Value Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 26. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Figure 27. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 28. North America Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 29. Europe Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 30. China Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 31. Japan Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 32. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Consumption by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (Units)
Figure 33. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Consumption Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 34. North America Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 35. North America Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 36. U.S. Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 37. Canada Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 38. Europe Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 39. Europe Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 40. Germany Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 41. France Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 42. U.K. Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 43. Italy Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 44. Netherlands Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 45. Asia Pacific Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 46. Asia Pacific Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 47. China Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 48. Japan Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 49. South Korea Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 50. China Taiwan Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 51. Southeast Asia Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 52. India Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 53. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 54. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 55. Mexico Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 56. Brazil Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 57. Turkey Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 58. GCC Countries Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (Units)
Figure 59. Global Production Market Share of Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 60. Global Production Value Market Share of Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 61. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Price (K US$/Unit) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 62. Global Production Market Share of Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 63. Global Production Value Market Share of Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 64. Global Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Price (K US$/Unit) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 65. Sliding Headstock Type CNC Automatic Lathes Value Chain
Figure 66. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 67. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 68. Data Triangulation