List of Tables
Table 1. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 2. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2024 VS 2031)
Table 3. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Production Capacity (K Units) by Manufacturers in 2024
Table 4. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Production by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 5. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 6. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Production Value by Manufacturers (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 8. Global Key Players of Automotive Parts Die Casting, Industry Ranking, 2023 VS 2024
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Production Value in Automotive Parts Die Casting as of 2024)
Table 10. Global Market Automotive Parts Die Casting Average Price by Manufacturers (USD/Unit) & (2020-2025)
Table 11. Global Key Manufacturers of Automotive Parts Die Casting, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of Automotive Parts Die Casting, Product Offered and Application
Table 13. Global Key Manufacturers of Automotive Parts Die Casting, Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 14. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 15. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 16. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 17. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 18. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Production Value Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 19. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 20. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 21. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 22. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Production (K Units) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 23. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Production Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 24. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Production (K Units) Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 25. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 26. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Market Average Price (USD/Unit) by Region (2020-2025)
Table 27. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Market Average Price (USD/Unit) by Region (2026-2031)
Table 28. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 29. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 30. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 31. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Forecasted Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 32. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2026-2031)
Table 33. North America Automotive Parts Die Casting Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 34. North America Automotive Parts Die Casting Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 35. North America Automotive Parts Die Casting Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 36. Europe Automotive Parts Die Casting Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 37. Europe Automotive Parts Die Casting Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 38. Europe Automotive Parts Die Casting Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 39. Asia Pacific Automotive Parts Die Casting Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Automotive Parts Die Casting Consumption by Region (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 41. Asia Pacific Automotive Parts Die Casting Consumption by Region (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Automotive Parts Die Casting Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Automotive Parts Die Casting Consumption by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 44. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Automotive Parts Die Casting Consumption by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 45. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Production (K Units) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 46. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Production (K Units) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 47. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Production Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 48. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Production Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 49. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 50. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 51. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Production Value Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 52. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Production Value Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 53. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Price (USD/Unit) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 54. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Price (USD/Unit) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 55. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Production (K Units) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 56. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Production (K Units) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 57. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Production Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 58. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Production Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 59. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 60. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 61. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Production Value Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 62. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Production Value Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 63. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Price (USD/Unit) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 64. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Price (USD/Unit) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 65. Alcoa Automotive Parts Die Casting Company Information
Table 66. Alcoa Automotive Parts Die Casting Specification and Application
Table 67. Alcoa Automotive Parts Die Casting Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 68. Alcoa Main Business and Markets Served
Table 69. Alcoa Recent Developments/Updates
Table 70. Dynacast International Automotive Parts Die Casting Company Information
Table 71. Dynacast International Automotive Parts Die Casting Specification and Application
Table 72. Dynacast International Automotive Parts Die Casting Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 73. Dynacast International Main Business and Markets Served
Table 74. Dynacast International Recent Developments/Updates
Table 75. Gibbs Die Casting Automotive Parts Die Casting Company Information
Table 76. Gibbs Die Casting Automotive Parts Die Casting Specification and Application
Table 77. Gibbs Die Casting Automotive Parts Die Casting Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 78. Gibbs Die Casting Main Business and Markets Served
Table 79. Gibbs Die Casting Recent Developments/Updates
Table 80. Ryobi Automotive Parts Die Casting Company Information
Table 81. Ryobi Automotive Parts Die Casting Specification and Application
Table 82. Ryobi Automotive Parts Die Casting Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 83. Ryobi Main Business and Markets Served
Table 84. Ryobi Recent Developments/Updates
Table 85. Georg Fischer Automotive Parts Die Casting Company Information
Table 86. Georg Fischer Automotive Parts Die Casting Specification and Application
Table 87. Georg Fischer Automotive Parts Die Casting Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 88. Georg Fischer Main Business and Markets Served
Table 89. Georg Fischer Recent Developments/Updates
Table 90. Ahresty Automotive Parts Die Casting Company Information
Table 91. Ahresty Automotive Parts Die Casting Specification and Application
Table 92. Ahresty Automotive Parts Die Casting Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 93. Ahresty Main Business and Markets Served
Table 94. Ahresty Recent Developments/Updates
Table 95. Martinrea Honsel Automotive Parts Die Casting Company Information
Table 96. Martinrea Honsel Automotive Parts Die Casting Specification and Application
Table 97. Martinrea Honsel Automotive Parts Die Casting Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 98. Martinrea Honsel Main Business and Markets Served
Table 99. Martinrea Honsel Recent Developments/Updates
Table 100. United Company Rusal Automotive Parts Die Casting Company Information
Table 101. United Company Rusal Automotive Parts Die Casting Specification and Application
Table 102. United Company Rusal Automotive Parts Die Casting Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 103. United Company Rusal Main Business and Markets Served
Table 104. United Company Rusal Recent Developments/Updates
Table 105. Nemak Automotive Parts Die Casting Company Information
Table 106. Nemak Automotive Parts Die Casting Specification and Application
Table 107. Nemak Automotive Parts Die Casting Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 108. Nemak Main Business and Markets Served
Table 109. Nemak Recent Developments/Updates
Table 110. Rockman Industries Automotive Parts Die Casting Company Information
Table 111. Rockman Industries Automotive Parts Die Casting Specification and Application
Table 112. Rockman Industries Automotive Parts Die Casting Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 113. Rockman Industries Main Business and Markets Served
Table 114. Rockman Industries Recent Developments/Updates
Table 115. Endurance Automotive Parts Die Casting Company Information
Table 116. Endurance Automotive Parts Die Casting Specification and Application
Table 117. Endurance Automotive Parts Die Casting Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 118. Endurance Main Business and Markets Served
Table 119. Endurance Recent Developments/Updates
Table 120. LTH Castings Automotive Parts Die Casting Company Information
Table 121. LTH Castings Automotive Parts Die Casting Specification and Application
Table 122. LTH Castings Automotive Parts Die Casting Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 123. LTH Castings Main Business and Markets Served
Table 124. LTH Castings Recent Developments/Updates
Table 125. IKD Company Automotive Parts Die Casting Company Information
Table 126. IKD Company Automotive Parts Die Casting Specification and Application
Table 127. IKD Company Automotive Parts Die Casting Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 128. IKD Company Main Business and Markets Served
Table 129. IKD Company Recent Developments/Updates
Table 130. Handtmann Automotive Parts Die Casting Company Information
Table 131. Handtmann Automotive Parts Die Casting Specification and Application
Table 132. Handtmann Automotive Parts Die Casting Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 133. Handtmann Main Business and Markets Served
Table 134. Handtmann Recent Developments/Updates
Table 135. DGS Automotive Parts Die Casting Company Information
Table 136. DGS Automotive Parts Die Casting Specification and Application
Table 137. DGS Automotive Parts Die Casting Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 138. DGS Main Business and Markets Served
Table 139. DGS Recent Developments/Updates
Table 140. Chalco Automotive Parts Die Casting Company Information
Table 141. Chalco Automotive Parts Die Casting Specification and Application
Table 142. Chalco Automotive Parts Die Casting Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 143. Chalco Main Business and Markets Served
Table 144. Chalco Recent Developments/Updates
Table 145. China Hongqiao Automotive Parts Die Casting Company Information
Table 146. China Hongqiao Automotive Parts Die Casting Specification and Application
Table 147. China Hongqiao Automotive Parts Die Casting Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 148. China Hongqiao Main Business and Markets Served
Table 149. China Hongqiao Recent Developments/Updates
Table 150. Guangdong Hongtu Technology Automotive Parts Die Casting Company Information
Table 151. Guangdong Hongtu Technology Automotive Parts Die Casting Specification and Application
Table 152. Guangdong Hongtu Technology Automotive Parts Die Casting Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 153. Guangdong Hongtu Technology Main Business and Markets Served
Table 154. Guangdong Hongtu Technology Recent Developments/Updates
Table 155. Guangdong Hongte Precision Technology Automotive Parts Die Casting Company Information
Table 156. Guangdong Hongte Precision Technology Automotive Parts Die Casting Specification and Application
Table 157. Guangdong Hongte Precision Technology Automotive Parts Die Casting Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 158. Guangdong Hongte Precision Technology Main Business and Markets Served
Table 159. Guangdong Hongte Precision Technology Recent Developments/Updates
Table 160. Guangdong Wencan Die Casting Automotive Parts Die Casting Company Information
Table 161. Guangdong Wencan Die Casting Automotive Parts Die Casting Specification and Application
Table 162. Guangdong Wencan Die Casting Automotive Parts Die Casting Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 163. Guangdong Wencan Die Casting Main Business and Markets Served
Table 164. Guangdong Wencan Die Casting Recent Developments/Updates
Table 165. Shanghai Shunfu Precision Technology Automotive Parts Die Casting Company Information
Table 166. Shanghai Shunfu Precision Technology Automotive Parts Die Casting Specification and Application
Table 167. Shanghai Shunfu Precision Technology Automotive Parts Die Casting Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 168. Shanghai Shunfu Precision Technology Main Business and Markets Served
Table 169. Shanghai Shunfu Precision Technology Recent Developments/Updates
Table 170. Ningbo Xusheng Auto Technology Automotive Parts Die Casting Company Information
Table 171. Ningbo Xusheng Auto Technology Automotive Parts Die Casting Specification and Application
Table 172. Ningbo Xusheng Auto Technology Automotive Parts Die Casting Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 173. Ningbo Xusheng Auto Technology Main Business and Markets Served
Table 174. Ningbo Xusheng Auto Technology Recent Developments/Updates
Table 175. Ningbo Sinyuan ZM Technology Automotive Parts Die Casting Company Information
Table 176. Ningbo Sinyuan ZM Technology Automotive Parts Die Casting Specification and Application
Table 177. Ningbo Sinyuan ZM Technology Automotive Parts Die Casting Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 178. Ningbo Sinyuan ZM Technology Main Business and Markets Served
Table 179. Ningbo Sinyuan ZM Technology Recent Developments/Updates
Table 180. Jiangsu Favour Automotive Automotive Parts Die Casting Company Information
Table 181. Jiangsu Favour Automotive Automotive Parts Die Casting Specification and Application
Table 182. Jiangsu Favour Automotive Automotive Parts Die Casting Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 183. Jiangsu Favour Automotive Main Business and Markets Served
Table 184. Jiangsu Favour Automotive Recent Developments/Updates
Table 185. Chongqing Yujiang Die Casting Automotive Parts Die Casting Company Information
Table 186. Chongqing Yujiang Die Casting Automotive Parts Die Casting Specification and Application
Table 187. Chongqing Yujiang Die Casting Automotive Parts Die Casting Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 188. Chongqing Yujiang Die Casting Main Business and Markets Served
Table 189. Chongqing Yujiang Die Casting Recent Developments/Updates
Table 190. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 191. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 192. Automotive Parts Die Casting Distributors List
Table 193. Automotive Parts Die Casting Customers List
Table 194. Automotive Parts Die Casting Market Trends
Table 195. Automotive Parts Die Casting Market Drivers
Table 196. Automotive Parts Die Casting Market Challenges
Table 197. Automotive Parts Die Casting Market Restraints
Table 198. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 199. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 200. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 201. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Automotive Parts Die Casting
Figure 2. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 3. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Market Share by Type: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 4. Aluminum Die Casting Product Picture
Figure 5. Magnesium Die Casting Product Picture
Figure 6. Zinc Die Casting Product Picture
Figure 7. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 8. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Market Share by Application: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 9. Passenger Vehicles
Figure 10. Commercial Vehicles
Figure 11. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Production Value (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 12. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Production Value (US$ Million) & (2020-2031)
Figure 13. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Production Capacity (K Units) & (2020-2031)
Figure 14. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Production (K Units) & (2020-2031)
Figure 15. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Average Price (USD/Unit) & (2020-2031)
Figure 16. Automotive Parts Die Casting Report Years Considered
Figure 17. Automotive Parts Die Casting Production Share by Manufacturers in 2024
Figure 18. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2024)
Figure 19. Automotive Parts Die Casting Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2020 VS 2024
Figure 20. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Automotive Parts Die Casting Revenue in 2024
Figure 21. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Production Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 22. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Production Value Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 23. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Production Comparison by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Figure 24. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Production Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 25. North America Automotive Parts Die Casting Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 26. Europe Automotive Parts Die Casting Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 27. China Automotive Parts Die Casting Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 28. Japan Automotive Parts Die Casting Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 29. South Korea Automotive Parts Die Casting Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 30. India Automotive Parts Die Casting Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Figure 31. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Consumption by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (K Units)
Figure 32. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Consumption Market Share by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 33. North America Automotive Parts Die Casting Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 34. North America Automotive Parts Die Casting Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 35. U.S. Automotive Parts Die Casting Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 36. Canada Automotive Parts Die Casting Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 37. Europe Automotive Parts Die Casting Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 38. Europe Automotive Parts Die Casting Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 39. Germany Automotive Parts Die Casting Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 40. France Automotive Parts Die Casting Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 41. U.K. Automotive Parts Die Casting Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 42. Italy Automotive Parts Die Casting Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 43. Netherlands Automotive Parts Die Casting Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 44. Asia Pacific Automotive Parts Die Casting Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 45. Asia Pacific Automotive Parts Die Casting Consumption Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 46. China Automotive Parts Die Casting Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 47. Japan Automotive Parts Die Casting Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 48. South Korea Automotive Parts Die Casting Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 49. China Taiwan Automotive Parts Die Casting Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 50. Southeast Asia Automotive Parts Die Casting Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 51. India Automotive Parts Die Casting Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 52. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Automotive Parts Die Casting Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 53. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Automotive Parts Die Casting Consumption Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 54. Mexico Automotive Parts Die Casting Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 55. Brazil Automotive Parts Die Casting Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 56. Turkey Automotive Parts Die Casting Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 57. GCC Countries Automotive Parts Die Casting Consumption and Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 58. Global Production Market Share of Automotive Parts Die Casting by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 59. Global Production Value Market Share of Automotive Parts Die Casting by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 60. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Price (USD/Unit) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 61. Global Production Market Share of Automotive Parts Die Casting by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 62. Global Production Value Market Share of Automotive Parts Die Casting by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 63. Global Automotive Parts Die Casting Price (USD/Unit) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 64. Automotive Parts Die Casting Value Chain
Figure 65. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 66. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 67. Data Triangulation
