List of Tables
Table 1. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Market Value Comparison by Type (2024 VS 2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 2. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Market Value by Application (2024 VS 2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 3. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Market Competitive Situation by Manufacturers in 2024
Table 4. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales (K Units) of Key Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 5. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 6. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue (US$ Million) by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 7. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 8. Global Market Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Average Price (US$/Unit) of Key Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Table 9. Global Key Players of Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock, Industry Ranking, 2022 VS 2023 VS 2024
Table 10. Global Key Manufacturers of Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock, Manufacturing Sites & Headquarters
Table 11. Global Key Manufacturers of Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock, Product Type & Application
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock, Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 13. Global Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 14. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock as of 2024)
Table 15. Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 16. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Market Size by Region (US$ Million): 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Table 17. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales by Region (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 18. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 19. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales by Region (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 20. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales Market Share by Region (2026-2031)
Table 21. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue by Region (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 22. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 23. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue by Region (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 24. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue Market Share by Region (2026-2031)
Table 25. North America Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 26. North America Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 27. North America Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 28. North America Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue by Country (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 29. North America Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue by Country (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 30. Europe Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 31. Europe Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 32. Europe Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 33. Europe Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue by Country (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 34. Europe Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue by Country (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 35. Asia Pacific Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 36. Asia Pacific Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales by Region (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 37. Asia Pacific Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales by Region (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 38. Asia Pacific Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue by Region (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 39. Asia Pacific Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue by Region (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 40. Latin America Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 41. Latin America Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 42. Latin America Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 43. Latin America Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue by Country (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 44. Latin America Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue by Country (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 45. Middle East and Africa Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 46. Middle East and Africa Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales by Country (2020-2025) & (K Units)
Table 47. Middle East and Africa Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales by Country (2026-2031) & (K Units)
Table 48. Middle East and Africa Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue by Country (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 49. Middle East and Africa Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue by Country (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 50. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales (K Units) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 51. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales (K Units) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 52. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 53. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 54. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 55. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 56. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 57. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 58. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2020-2025)
Table 59. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2026-2031)
Table 60. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales (K Units) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 61. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales (K Units) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 62. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 63. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 64. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 65. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 66. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 67. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 68. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2020-2025)
Table 69. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2026-2031)
Table 70. Merck Company Information
Table 71. Merck Description and Business Overview
Table 72. Merck Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 73. Merck Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Product
Table 74. Merck Recent Developments/Updates
Table 75. GSK Company Information
Table 76. GSK Description and Business Overview
Table 77. GSK Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 78. GSK Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Product
Table 79. GSK Recent Developments/Updates
Table 80. Sanofi Company Information
Table 81. Sanofi Description and Business Overview
Table 82. Sanofi Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 83. Sanofi Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Product
Table 84. Sanofi Recent Developments/Updates
Table 85. Zoties Company Information
Table 86. Zoties Description and Business Overview
Table 87. Zoties Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 88. Zoties Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Product
Table 89. Zoties Recent Developments/Updates
Table 90. Elanco Company Information
Table 91. Elanco Description and Business Overview
Table 92. Elanco Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 93. Elanco Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Product
Table 94. Elanco Recent Developments/Updates
Table 95. Boehringer Ingelheim Company Information
Table 96. Boehringer Ingelheim Description and Business Overview
Table 97. Boehringer Ingelheim Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 98. Boehringer Ingelheim Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Product
Table 99. Boehringer Ingelheim Recent Developments/Updates
Table 100. Indian Immunologicals Company Information
Table 101. Indian Immunologicals Description and Business Overview
Table 102. Indian Immunologicals Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 103. Indian Immunologicals Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Product
Table 104. Indian Immunologicals Recent Developments/Updates
Table 105. China Animal Husbandry Industry Co.,Ltd. Company Information
Table 106. China Animal Husbandry Industry Co.,Ltd. Description and Business Overview
Table 107. China Animal Husbandry Industry Co.,Ltd. Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 108. China Animal Husbandry Industry Co.,Ltd. Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Product
Table 109. China Animal Husbandry Industry Co.,Ltd. Recent Developments/Updates
Table 110. Yebio Bioengineering Co., Ltd Of Qingdao Company Information
Table 111. Yebio Bioengineering Co., Ltd Of Qingdao Description and Business Overview
Table 112. Yebio Bioengineering Co., Ltd Of Qingdao Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 113. Yebio Bioengineering Co., Ltd Of Qingdao Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Product
Table 114. Yebio Bioengineering Co., Ltd Of Qingdao Recent Developments/Updates
Table 115. Jinyu Bio-technology Co.,ltd. Company Information
Table 116. Jinyu Bio-technology Co.,ltd. Description and Business Overview
Table 117. Jinyu Bio-technology Co.,ltd. Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 118. Jinyu Bio-technology Co.,ltd. Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Product
Table 119. Jinyu Bio-technology Co.,ltd. Recent Developments/Updates
Table 120. HVRI Company Information
Table 121. HVRI Description and Business Overview
Table 122. HVRI Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 123. HVRI Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Product
Table 124. HVRI Recent Developments/Updates
Table 125. Ringpu Biology Company Information
Table 126. Ringpu Biology Description and Business Overview
Table 127. Ringpu Biology Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 128. Ringpu Biology Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Product
Table 129. Ringpu Biology Recent Developments/Updates
Table 130. Kyoto Biken Laboratories Company Information
Table 131. Kyoto Biken Laboratories Description and Business Overview
Table 132. Kyoto Biken Laboratories Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 133. Kyoto Biken Laboratories Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Product
Table 134. Kyoto Biken Laboratories Recent Developments/Updates
Table 135. FATRO Company Information
Table 136. FATRO Description and Business Overview
Table 137. FATRO Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 138. FATRO Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Product
Table 139. FATRO Recent Developments/Updates
Table 140. Ceva Santé Animale Company Information
Table 141. Ceva Santé Animale Description and Business Overview
Table 142. Ceva Santé Animale Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 143. Ceva Santé Animale Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Product
Table 144. Ceva Santé Animale Recent Developments/Updates
Table 145. Pulike Biological Engineering,Inc. Company Information
Table 146. Pulike Biological Engineering,Inc. Description and Business Overview
Table 147. Pulike Biological Engineering,Inc. Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 148. Pulike Biological Engineering,Inc. Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Product
Table 149. Pulike Biological Engineering,Inc. Recent Developments/Updates
Table 150. Wuhan Hvsen Biotechnology CO.,LTD Company Information
Table 151. Wuhan Hvsen Biotechnology CO.,LTD Description and Business Overview
Table 152. Wuhan Hvsen Biotechnology CO.,LTD Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 153. Wuhan Hvsen Biotechnology CO.,LTD Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Product
Table 154. Wuhan Hvsen Biotechnology CO.,LTD Recent Developments/Updates
Table 155. Jinhe Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Company Information
Table 156. Jinhe Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Description and Business Overview
Table 157. Jinhe Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 158. Jinhe Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Product
Table 159. Jinhe Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Recent Developments/Updates
Table 160. Shanghai Shen Lian Biomedical Corporation Company Information
Table 161. Shanghai Shen Lian Biomedical Corporation Description and Business Overview
Table 162. Shanghai Shen Lian Biomedical Corporation Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 163. Shanghai Shen Lian Biomedical Corporation Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Product
Table 164. Shanghai Shen Lian Biomedical Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
Table 165. Qingdao Vland Biotech INC. Company Information
Table 166. Qingdao Vland Biotech INC. Description and Business Overview
Table 167. Qingdao Vland Biotech INC. Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table 168. Qingdao Vland Biotech INC. Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Product
Table 169. Qingdao Vland Biotech INC. Recent Developments/Updates
Table 170. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 171. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 172. Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Distributors List
Table 173. Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Customers List
Table 174. Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Market Trends
Table 175. Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Market Drivers
Table 176. Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Market Challenges
Table 177. Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Market Restraints
Table 178. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 179. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 180. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 181. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock
Figure 2. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Market Value Comparison by Type (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 3. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Market Share by Type: 2024 & 2031
Figure 4. Genetic Recombinant Vaccine Product Picture
Figure 5. Recombinant Subunit Vaccines Product Picture
Figure 6. Genetic Vaccine Product Picture
Figure 7. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Market Value by Application (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 8. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Market Share by Application: 2024 & 2031
Figure 9. Pig
Figure 10. Cattle
Figure 11. Sheep
Figure 12. Other
Figure 13. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue, (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 14. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Market Size (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 15. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales (2020-2031) & (K Units)
Figure 16. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Average Price (US$/Unit) & (2020-2031)
Figure 17. Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Report Years Considered
Figure 18. Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales Share by Manufacturers in 2024
Figure 19. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2024
Figure 20. Global 5 and 10 Largest Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Players: Market Share by Revenue in Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock in 2024
Figure 21. Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2020 VS 2024
Figure 22. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Market Size by Region (US$ Million): 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 23. North America Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 24. North America Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 25. United States Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 26. Canada Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 27. Europe Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 28. Europe Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 29. Germany Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 30. France Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 31. U.K. Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 32. Italy Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 33. Russia Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 34. Asia Pacific Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 35. Asia Pacific Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 36. China Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 37. Japan Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 38. South Korea Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 39. India Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 40. Australia Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 41. China Taiwan Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 42. Southeast Asia Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 43. Latin America Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 44. Latin America Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 45. Mexico Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 46. Brazil Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 47. Argentina Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 48. Middle East and Africa Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Sales Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 49. Middle East and Africa Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 50. Turkey Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 51. Saudi Arabia Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 52. UAE Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Revenue Growth Rate (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 53. Global Sales Market Share of Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 54. Global Revenue Market Share of Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 55. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2020-2031)
Figure 56. Global Sales Market Share of Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 57. Global Revenue Market Share of Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 58. Global Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2020-2031)
Figure 59. Genetically Engineered Vaccines for Livestock Value Chain
Figure 60. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 61. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 62. Data Triangulation
Figure 63. Key Executives Interviewed
